OK
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/same-sex-marriage-global-comparisons
Websites
Runtime: 20.1s
On November 23, 2024, 08:07 AM UTC, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/same-sex-marriage-global-comparisons was accessible when tested on AS9329 in Sri Lanka.
Failures
HTTP Experiment
null
DNS Experiment
null
Control
null
DNS Queries
Resolver:
222.165.160.165
Query:
IN A www.cfr.org
Engine:
system
Name
Class
TTL
Type
DATA
@
IN
A
104.18.9.238
@
IN
A
104.18.8.238
Query:
IN AAAA www.cfr.org
Engine:
system
Name
Class
TTL
Type
DATA
@
IN
AAAA
2606:4700::6812:9ee
@
IN
AAAA
2606:4700::6812:8ee
TCP Connections
Connection to 104.18.9.238:443 succeeded.
Connection to 104.18.8.238:443 succeeded.
Connection to 2606:4700::6812:8ee:443 was blocked.
Connection to 2606:4700::6812:9ee:443 was blocked.
HTTP Requests
URL
GET https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/marriage-equality-global-comparisons
Response Headers
Access-Control-Allow-Headers:x-requested-with, Content-Type, origin, authorization, accept, client-security-tokenAccess-Control-Allow-Methods:POST, GET, OPTIONSAccess-Control-Allow-Origin:*Access-Control-Max-Age:1000Age:39219Cache-Control:max-age=86400, publicCf-Cache-Status:DYNAMICCf-Ray:8e6fab390f795132-CMBContent-Language:enContent-Type:text/html; charset=UTF-8Date:Sat, 23 Nov 2024 08:08:01 GMTExpires:Sun, 19 Nov 1978 05:00:00 GMTLast-Modified:Fri, 22 Nov 2024 21:14:20 GMTLink:<//cdn.cfr.org>; rel=preconnect; crossoriginServer:cloudflareStrict-Transport-Security:max-age=15552000; includeSubDomains; preloadVary:Accept-Encoding, Cookie, Cookie, CookieVia:1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnishX-Cache:HIT, HITX-Cache-Hits:14, 0X-Content-Type-Options:nosniffX-Drupal-Cache:MISSX-Drupal-Dynamic-Cache:MISSX-Generator:Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)X-Pantheon-Styx-Hostname:styx-fe4-a-b7cd879c4-gcpzcX-Robots-Tag:allX-Served-By:cache-chi-klot8100073-CHI, cache-qpg1253-QPGX-Styx-Req-Id:bd45546b-a916-11ef-b1d7-aeaabe57903cX-Timer:S1732349281.982054,VS0,VE5
Response Body
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#">
<head>
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/apple-touch-icon.png" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="10234472029" />
<meta property="fb:app_id" content="1202896923085736" />
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="ed21dLJA4q-k2GnrORmTFP8mc97sOOWjd-ZkJbmPCgw" />
<meta name="msvalidate.01" content="846D62D6CE4E94B1C328BE585F36F0DE" />
<title>Marriage Equality: Global Comparisons | Council on Foreign Relations</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta property="sailthru.tags" content="author-cfr-org-editors, tag-human-rights, tag-lgbtq-, tag-gender, tag-social-issues, tag-civil-society, tag-global" />
<script>var dataLayer = [{"bio":["staff"],"republish":"no","programName":"Renewing America","keywords":["LGBTQ+","Gender"],"topic":["Human Rights","Social Issues","Civil Society"],"region":["Global"],"nodeidDl":"227998"}];</script>
<style>/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#broken-image-symbol */.js img.lazyload:not([src]) { visibility: hidden; }/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#automatically-setting-the-sizes-attribute */.js img.lazyloaded[data-sizes=auto] { display: block; width: 100%; }</style>
<meta name="description" content="A growing number of countries are legalizing same-sex marriage amid a steady advance in rights for LGBTQ+ people, but opposition remains strong in many others." />
<meta name="keywords" content="Human Rights,LGBTQ+,Gender,Social Issues,Civil Society,Global" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/marriage-equality-global-comparisons" />
<link rel="image_src" href="Same-Sex Couple in Northern Ireland" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Council on Foreign Relations" />
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Marriage Equality: Global Comparisons" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/image/2022/12/same-sex-marriage-OG.png" />
<meta property="og:image:alt" content="A map of LGBTQ+ rights and protections by country." />
<meta property="og:street_address" content="58 East 68th Street" />
<meta property="og:locality" content="New York" />
<meta property="og:region" content="NY" />
<meta property="og:postal_code" content="10065" />
<meta property="og:country_name" content="USA" />
<meta property="og:phone_number" content="1.212.434.9400" />
<meta property="og:fax_number" content="1.212.434.9800" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@CFR_org" />
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.cfr.org/sites/default/files/image/2022/12/same-sex-marriage-OG.png" />
<meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" />
<meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" />
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=0" />
<style>div#sliding-popup, div#sliding-popup .eu-cookie-withdraw-banner, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab {background: #0779bf} div#sliding-popup.eu-cookie-withdraw-wrapper { background: transparent; } #sliding-popup h1, #sliding-popup h2, #sliding-popup h3, #sliding-popup p, #sliding-popup label, #sliding-popup div, .eu-cookie-compliance-more-button, .eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { color: #ffffff;} .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { border-color: #ffffff;}</style>
<script type="application/ld+json">{
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@graph": [
{
"@type": "NewsArticle",
"name": "Marriage Equality: Global Comparisons",
"headline": "Marriage Equality: Global Comparisons",
"description": "A growing number of countries are legalizing same-sex marriage amid a steady advance in rights for LGBTQ+ people, but opposition remains strong in many others.",
"about": "Human Rights, LGBTQ+, Gender, Social Issues, Civil Society, Global",
"image": {
"@type": "ImageObject",
"representativeOfPage": "True",
"url": "//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/open_graph/public/image/2020/06/samesexmarriage_0.jpg"
},
"datePublished": "2013-07-31T12:09:03-0400",
"dateModified": "2022-12-22T14:30:00-0500",
"publisher": {
"@type": "Organization",
"name": "Council on Foreign Relations",
"url": "https://www.cfr.org/",
"sameAs": [
"https://www.facebook.com/councilonforeignrelations",
"https://twitter.com/CFR_org",
"https://www.youtube.com/user/cfr",
"https://www.instagram.com/cfr_org/",
"https://www.linkedin.com/company/council-on-foreign-relations"
],
"logo": {
"@type": "ImageObject",
"url": "https://www.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png"
}
},
"mainEntityOfPage": "https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/marriage-equality-global-comparisons",
"author": {
"@type": "Person",
"name": "CFR.org Editors",
"url": "https://www.cfr.org/bio/cfrorg-editors"
}
}
]
}</script>
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/marriage-equality-global-comparisons" />
<meta property="og:description" content="A growing number of countries are legalizing same-sex marriage amid a steady advance in rights for LGBTQ+ people, but opposition remains strong in many others." />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Marriage Equality: Global Comparisons" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="A growing number of countries are legalizing same-sex marriage amid a steady advance in rights for LGBTQ+ people, but opposition remains strong in many others." />
<link rel="icon" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];var j=d.createElement(s);var dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+'';j.async=true;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KFS3NQ');</script>
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_WS2h4QrtS5gPUdgL9DkN7kdNcjTvh6Mwv8Hg8sHhugk.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJyNU9tynDAM_SFYf0Qynfa1l2ePsLXgxLaIJJOhX1_BppQ0O52-MOjoenTkcGWvExZ0Y6YBcg-sKWTsgjlukCvAV8S8QxMVnGFELxg0URUHcYEaMHpoSoHKnFFv6QIp68TNPcECEjjN6mFOPqeBgdcugkKGFdlNmGfkEzDgBEsili7Dz9Vtn04QOEzv2rh99EtJNRXIlyDSBWJ0kdts9ruJZBXF4gYQ7LD5QPSc0O_utBFw90Af8QotaxejP6bzSpTFHfYXqyv3IkITpfKYClaxXf0Q5AdQHGkj_zF8SRHpm4K2_6n2QFWx6meEmFPFuxmM1i5-t5R77pliANFPtj2Z_hFgI_HdDcwk-mgdvuKStpF21U0SP6Gph6J_7ygc1zaMvUk2Yi-vScN08gTg2I9Mbe6MXtLVYxkwGj7r3mMTOBl3ribx00tDXi9X4tJtEWGCm8SMv83j74SNRGPGywF4rKcR5pbzS6O3M75hb--il5xKX2E5ueyZiGwHfaIH4XnjUKOd9YciZySj7faPbZvbUiQpvto5-N1vdJP-Ao7BcGQ" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css__peEN4__GNeENbNDxUO4QErYhPfYnOBwyjiUbAI8BOU.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJyNU9tynDAM_SFYf0Qynfa1l2ePsLXgxLaIJJOhX1_BppQ0O52-MOjoenTkcGWvExZ0Y6YBcg-sKWTsgjlukCvAV8S8QxMVnGFELxg0URUHcYEaMHpoSoHKnFFv6QIp68TNPcECEjjN6mFOPqeBgdcugkKGFdlNmGfkEzDgBEsili7Dz9Vtn04QOEzv2rh99EtJNRXIlyDSBWJ0kdts9ruJZBXF4gYQ7LD5QPSc0O_utBFw90Af8QotaxejP6bzSpTFHfYXqyv3IkITpfKYClaxXf0Q5AdQHGkj_zF8SRHpm4K2_6n2QFWx6meEmFPFuxmM1i5-t5R77pliANFPtj2Z_hFgI_HdDcwk-mgdvuKStpF21U0SP6Gph6J_7ygc1zaMvUk2Yi-vScN08gTg2I9Mbe6MXtLVYxkwGj7r3mMTOBl3ribx00tDXi9X4tJtEWGCm8SMv83j74SNRGPGywF4rKcR5pbzS6O3M75hb--il5xKX2E5ueyZiGwHfaIH4XnjUKOd9YciZySj7faPbZvbUiQpvto5-N1vdJP-Ao7BcGQ" />
<script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/227998","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJyNU9tunUAM_CE4-xGJqvY1bZ9XZtcHnOyF2F4i-vU1JD3iNKjqC4IZG3vGdoBZwwRuAMEuXNmPqQ6QXAa-IqYdmmrGGUb0gkGpFnEQFygBo4emNdQ8J9T3dAFKOnFzz7CABKZZPczkEw0MvO4xOqGfEBZCURdBIcGK_E0xyx8-o4OErMdvVgoJPyO9JMp9geVADRBeRq6tROQjPPaUTUkvb2SyD0wAjv2WMR_Ady_6z5WNEDnIMcgE3deaW0qvrW6-VEYXuc2QLveGbQQVRS5GPb825PVyrZy7mytuwMmcqiwHbMI0W60Y_Q3zWmsSFxhBMf6gjKd0E6350dgiNsiHarWLfrXWE5X_yfgpyA9WYawm_iT8r2meRMw1BhD9QoVk-kfAdzXbz3nRR2vhCRfaWjqLWShitT9ok84Ekq4e84DRxjxvG9xh86HWF0K_D4O2bXZnoI94hZa0S_BrddujYwwfRzPWOia83ACP5cDe3jpB4DDdHYvbl-SSzYZssw8inZDimzXu9823vSDtZBUzcr_O39A0cGQ","theme":"cfr_theme","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"form_action_p_pvdeGsVG5zNF_XLGPTvYSKCf43t8qZYSwcfZl2uzM":true,"\/backgrounder\/marriage-equality-global-comparisons?ajax_form=1":true},"cfr_sailthru":{"customerId":"16a6a423ea139031de8812f22132ba91"},"dataLayer":{"defaultLang":"en","languages":{"en":{"id":"en","name":"English","direction":"ltr","weight":0}}},"lazy":{"lazysizes":{"lazyClass":"lazyload","loadedClass":"lazyloaded","loadingClass":"lazyloading","preloadClass":"lazypreload","errorClass":"lazyerror","autosizesClass":"lazyautosizes","srcAttr":"data-src","srcsetAttr":"data-srcset","sizesAttr":"data-sizes","minSize":40,"customMedia":[],"init":true,"expFactor":1.5,"hFac":0.8,"loadMode":2,"loadHidden":true,"ricTimeout":0,"throttleDelay":125,"plugins":[]},"placeholderSrc":"","preferNative":false,"minified":true,"libraryPath":"\/libraries\/lazysizes"},"search_autocomplete":{"header_search":{"source":"\/callback\/search_autocomplete","selector":".main-header__autocomplete","minChars":3,"maxSuggestions":10,"autoSubmit":true,"autoRedirect":true,"theme":"minimal","filters":["q","keyword"],"noResult":{"group":{"group_id":"no_results"},"label":"Search CFR.org for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""},"moreResults":{"group":{"group_id":"more_results"},"label":"View all results for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""}},"keyword_search":{"source":"\/callback\/search_autocomplete","selector":"#views-exposed-form-site-search-page-1 input.form-text","minChars":3,"maxSuggestions":10,"autoSubmit":true,"autoRedirect":true,"theme":"minimal","filters":["q","keyword"],"noResult":{"group":{"group_id":"no_results"},"label":"Search CFR.org for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""},"moreResults":{"group":{"group_id":"more_results"},"label":"View all results for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""}}},"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":true,"popup_agreed_enabled":false,"popup_hide_agreed":false,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003EThis site uses cookies to improve your user experience. By continuing to browse this site you accept the use of cookies as explained in our \u003Ca href=\u0022\/privacy-policy#cookies\u0022\u003EPrivacy Policy\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_accept_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_decline_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EDecline\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022\u003E\n \n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_accept_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_decline_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EDecline\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","mobile_breakpoint":768,"popup_html_agreed":false,"popup_use_bare_css":false,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":"100%","popup_delay":1000,"popup_link":"\/report\/protecting-data-privacy-user-friendly-software","popup_link_new_window":true,"popup_position":false,"fixed_top_position":true,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":false,"cookie_name":"cookie-agreed","reload_page":false,"domain":"","domain_all_sites":false,"popup_eu_only":false,"popup_eu_only_js":true,"cookie_lifetime":100,"cookie_session":0,"set_cookie_session_zero_on_disagree":0,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":false,"method":"opt_in","automatic_cookies_removal":false,"allowed_cookies":"","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EPrivacy settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button \u0022\u003EWithdraw consent\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","withdraw_enabled":false,"reload_options":null,"reload_routes_list":"","withdraw_button_on_info_popup":false,"cookie_categories":[],"cookie_categories_details":[],"enable_save_preferences_button":false,"cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","settings_tab_enabled":false,"olivero_primary_button_classes":"","olivero_secondary_button_classes":"","close_button_action":"","open_by_default":true,"modules_allow_popup":true,"hide_the_banner":false,"geoip_match":true},"dd_datalayer_tools":{"data_layers":{"0":{"type":"bypass"},"Head":[{"type":"open_text","id":"246330","value":"\/\/ Content Text Copied\r\nconsole.log(\u0027Content Text Copied: Loaded\u0027);\r\nfunction getSelectionText() {\r\n var text = \u0022\u0022;\r\n if (window.getSelection) {\r\n text = window.getSelection().toString();\r\n } else if (document.selection \u0026\u0026 document.selection.type !== \u0022Control\u0022) {\r\n text = document.selection.createRange().text;\r\n }\r\n return text;\r\n}\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\u0022copy\u0022, function(e){\r\n console.log(\u0027Text Copied\u0027);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022contentTextCopiedMetric\u0022: \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Content Text Copied\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022,\r\n \u0022target\u0022: getSelectionText()\r\n });\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246328","value":"var contentTypeToCheck = [\u0022article\u0022, \u0022blog\u0022, \u0022backgrounder\u0022, \u0022in-brief\u0022];\r\nvar contentType = document.referrer.replace(\/^[^:]+:\\\/\\\/[^\/]+\\\/\/, \u0022\u0022).replace(\/\\\/.*\/, \u0022\u0022);\r\nvar specialCaseBlog = document.referrer.replace(\/^[^:]+:\\\/\\\/[^\/]+\/, \u0022\u0022).replace(\/#.*\/, \u0022\u0022);\r\nif(specialCaseBlog !== \u0022\/blog\u0022) {\r\n if(contentTypeToCheck.includes(contentType)){\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Recirculation\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022,\r\n \u0022recirculationMetric\u0022: \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022source\u0022: document.referrer\r\n });\r\n }\r\n}"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246327","value":"$(document).ajaxComplete(function(event, request, settings) {\r\n var eventLabel = $(document).find(\u0022head title\u0022).text();\r\n var responseUrl = settings.url;\r\n if(responseUrl.indexOf(\u0022view_name=topic_filters_cards\u0026view_display_id=filters_block\u0022) !== -1) {\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Infinite Scroll Article\u0022,\r\n \u0022infiniteScrollMetric\u0022: \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022\r\n });\r\n }\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246326","value":"var currentUrl = window.location.href;\r\nvar contentRecirculationCount = 1;\r\n$(document).ajaxComplete(function( event, request, settings ) {\r\n var responseText = request.responseText;\r\n if((responseText.indexOf(\u0022cfr-transported-content\u0022) !== -1) \u0026\u0026 (responseText.indexOf(\u0022article--blog-post\u0022) !== -1)) {\r\n var newUrl = window.location.protocol + \u0022\/\/\u0022 + location.host;\r\n var eventLabel = currentUrl + \u0022 to \u0022 + newUrl + \u0022 : \u0022 + contentRecirculationCount + \u0022-\u0022 + (contentRecirculationCount+1);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022event\u0022 : \u0022Infinite Scroll Next Article\u0022,\r\n \u0022infiniteScrollMetric\u0022 : \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022 : \u0022False\u0022\r\n });\r\n\r\n contentRecirculationCount = contentRecirculationCount + 1;\r\n currentUrl = newUrl;\r\n }\r\n});\r\n"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246325","value":"var scroll_name_array=[];\r\n$(window).bind(\u0022scroll\u0022, function() {\r\n if($(window).scrollTop() \u003E= $(\u0022.body-content\u0022).offset().top + $(\u0022.body-content\u0022).outerHeight() - window.innerHeight) {\r\n if(!scroll_name_array.includes(\u0022scroll\u0022)) {\r\n scroll_name_array.push(\u0022scroll\u0022);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022contentBottomReachedMetric\u0022 : \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Content Bottom Reached\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022,\r\n \u0022source\u0022: \u0022\u0022\r\n });\r\n }\r\n }\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"231361","value":"function getQueryParams(qs) {\r\n var params = {}, tokens, re = \/[?\u0026]?([^=]+)=([^\u0026]*)\/g;\r\n qs = qs.split(\u0022+\u0022).join(\u0022 \u0022);\r\n while (tokens === re.exec(qs)) {\r\n params[decodeURIComponent(tokens[1])] = decodeURIComponent(tokens[2]);\r\n }\r\n return params;\r\n}\r\nvar query_params = getQueryParams(document.location.search);\r\ndataLayer.push(query_params);"},{"type":"open_text","id":"228497","value":"if(($(\u0022article.main-wrapper p\u0022).length) \u003E 0) {\r\n var wordCountTemp = $(\u0022article.main-wrapper p\u0022).text();\r\n wordCountTemp = wordCountTemp.replace(\/(^\\s*)|(\\s*$)\/gi,\u0022\u0022);\r\n wordCountTemp = wordCountTemp.replace(\/[ ]{2,}\/gi,\u0022 \u0022);\r\n wordCountTemp = wordCountTemp.replace(\/\\n \/,\u0022\\n\u0022);\r\n var wordCount = wordCountTemp.split(\u0022 \u0022).length;\r\n dataLayer.push({\u0022contentWordCount\u0022: wordCount});\r\n}\r\n\r\nif(($(\u0022article.article--immersive p\u0022).length) \u003E 0) {\r\n var wordCountTemp = $(\u0022article.article--immersive p\u0022).text();\r\n wordCountTemp = wordCountTemp.replace(\/(^\\s*)|(\\s*$)\/gi,\u0022\u0022);\r\n wordCountTemp = wordCountTemp.replace(\/[ ]{2,}\/gi,\u0022 \u0022);\r\n wordCountTemp = wordCountTemp.replace(\/\\n \/,\u0022\\n\u0022);\r\n var wordCount = wordCountTemp.split(\u0022 \u0022).length;\r\n dataLayer.push({\u0022contentWordCount\u0022: wordCount});\r\n}"},{"type":"open_text","id":"228501","value":"if(($(\u0022div.layout-content\u0022).length) \u003E 0) {\r\n var editorialContentAssetType = \u0022none\u0022;\r\n var nodeNames = [];\r\n var contentNames = [{\r\n \u0022img\u0022: \u0022image\u0022,\r\n \u0022audio\u0022: \u0022audio\u0022,\r\n \u0022div\u0022: \u0022video\u0022\r\n }];\r\n $(\u0022img, audio, .video-player\u0022).each(function(index) {\r\n var $el = $(this);\r\n var labelKey = $el.prop(\u0022tagName\u0022).toLowerCase();\r\n nodeNames[$el.prop(\u0022tagName\u0022)] = contentNames[0][labelKey];\r\n });\r\n if(!$.isEmptyObject(nodeNames)) {\r\n var nodeItems = [];\r\n for (var key in nodeNames) {\r\n nodeItems.push(nodeNames[key]);\r\n }\r\n editorialContentAssetType = nodeItems.join(\u0022-\u0022);\r\n }\r\n dataLayer.push({\u0022editorialContentAssetType\u0022: editorialContentAssetType});\r\n}"},{"type":"open_text","id":"228503","value":"dataLayer.push({\u0022contentGroup2\u0022: \u0022Editorial Text\u0022});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"228562","value":"dataLayer.push({\u0022pubType\u0022: \u0022article\u0022});"},{"event":"Social Share Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Social Share Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246351","domSpecificClassId":".share-kit__icons button.share-kit__hotspot","domSelectElement":"","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":".share-kit__icons button.share-kit__hotspot"},{"event":"Order Print Copy Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Order Print Copy Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246350","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Print Copy)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Print Copy)"},{"event":"Order Paperback Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Order Paperback Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246349","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Paperback)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Paperback)"},{"event":"order e-book click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"order e-book click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246348","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom button.button-container__btn:contains(Order E-Book)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom button.button-container__btn:contains(Order E-Book)"},{"event":"Footer Logo Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Footer Logo Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246322","domSpecificClassId":" a.main-footer__logo-btn","domSelectElement":"footer","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"footer a.main-footer__logo-btn"}],"1":{"type":"bypass"}},"custom_variables":[],"cfr_custom_variables":[{"contentType":"Backgrounder Redesign"},{"postDate":"2013-07-31T16:09:03"},{"author":"CFR.org Editors"}]},"customDimensionUserCategory":[{"role":["anonymous"]},{"role":["anonymous"]}],"createdTime":[{"createdTime":"2013-07-31"}],"postDateRevision":[{"changedTime":"2022-12-22"}],"cfrNewsletter":{"recaptcha":{"siteKey":"6LdVm2YUAAAAALLTS2XVQD5O47VtNJIKQTsrqP9t"}},"ajax":{"cfr-newsletter-signup-form--the-world-this-week-embedded-form--submit":{"wrapper":"the-world-this-week-embedded-form","callback":[{},"ajaxSubmit"],"event":"click","prevent":"mousedown","url":"\/backgrounder\/marriage-equality-global-comparisons?ajax_form=1","httpMethod":"POST","dialogType":"ajax","submit":{"_triggering_element_name":"op","_triggering_element_value":"Subscribe"}}},"sitewideAlert":{"refreshInterval":15000,"automaticRefresh":false},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"e331052eb0a1bc4b2feb3d0cfc1f0f2f6ec5dfd9a50125d1397e4ccee31da7be"}}</script>
<script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_mer30BpmxaksJ1CZX-8-JIIZsAanBJvlT0cMFCk-Y8o.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJyNU9tynDAM_SFYf0Qynfa1l2ePsLXgxLaIJJOhX1_BppQ0O52-MOjoenTkcGWvExZ0Y6YBcg-sKWTsgjlukCvAV8S8QxMVnGFELxg0URUHcYEaMHpoSoHKnFFv6QIp68TNPcECEjjN6mFOPqeBgdcugkKGFdlNmGfkEzDgBEsili7Dz9Vtn04QOEzv2rh99EtJNRXIlyDSBWJ0kdts9ruJZBXF4gYQ7LD5QPSc0O_utBFw90Af8QotaxejP6bzSpTFHfYXqyv3IkITpfKYClaxXf0Q5AdQHGkj_zF8SRHpm4K2_6n2QFWx6meEmFPFuxmM1i5-t5R77pliANFPtj2Z_hFgI_HdDcwk-mgdvuKStpF21U0SP6Gph6J_7ygc1zaMvUk2Yi-vScN08gTg2I9Mbe6MXtLVYxkwGj7r3mMTOBl3ribx00tDXi9X4tJtEWGCm8SMv83j74SNRGPGywF4rKcR5pbzS6O3M75hb--il5xKX2E5ueyZiGwHfaIH4XnjUKOd9YciZySj7faPbZvbUiQpvto5-N1vdJP-Ao7BcGQ"></script>
<script src="https://ak.sail-horizon.com/spm/spm.v1.min.js"></script>
<script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_Gicg5SUfeJM7_bG27yraouEzFpNJFU_cmYHRYgpbcuA.js?scope=header&delta=2&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJyNU9tynDAM_SFYf0Qynfa1l2ePsLXgxLaIJJOhX1_BppQ0O52-MOjoenTkcGWvExZ0Y6YBcg-sKWTsgjlukCvAV8S8QxMVnGFELxg0URUHcYEaMHpoSoHKnFFv6QIp68TNPcECEjjN6mFOPqeBgdcugkKGFdlNmGfkEzDgBEsili7Dz9Vtn04QOEzv2rh99EtJNRXIlyDSBWJ0kdts9ruJZBXF4gYQ7LD5QPSc0O_utBFw90Af8QotaxejP6bzSpTFHfYXqyv3IkITpfKYClaxXf0Q5AdQHGkj_zF8SRHpm4K2_6n2QFWx6meEmFPFuxmM1i5-t5R77pliANFPtj2Z_hFgI_HdDcwk-mgdvuKStpF21U0SP6Gph6J_7ygc1zaMvUk2Yi-vScN08gTg2I9Mbe6MXtLVYxkwGj7r3mMTOBl3ribx00tDXi9X4tJtEWGCm8SMv83j74SNRGPGywF4rKcR5pbzS6O3M75hb--il5xKX2E5ueyZiGwHfaIH4XnjUKOd9YciZySj7faPbZvbUiQpvto5-N1vdJP-Ao7BcGQ"></script>
<script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=explicit" async defer></script>
<script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_uk-5W4zAfhQ3FmPSivCT6EkSWlziJZObe2mecXVbs9A.js?scope=header&delta=4&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJyNU9tynDAM_SFYf0Qynfa1l2ePsLXgxLaIJJOhX1_BppQ0O52-MOjoenTkcGWvExZ0Y6YBcg-sKWTsgjlukCvAV8S8QxMVnGFELxg0URUHcYEaMHpoSoHKnFFv6QIp68TNPcECEjjN6mFOPqeBgdcugkKGFdlNmGfkEzDgBEsili7Dz9Vtn04QOEzv2rh99EtJNRXIlyDSBWJ0kdts9ruJZBXF4gYQ7LD5QPSc0O_utBFw90Af8QotaxejP6bzSpTFHfYXqyv3IkITpfKYClaxXf0Q5AdQHGkj_zF8SRHpm4K2_6n2QFWx6meEmFPFuxmM1i5-t5R77pliANFPtj2Z_hFgI_HdDcwk-mgdvuKStpF21U0SP6Gph6J_7ygc1zaMvUk2Yi-vScN08gTg2I9Mbe6MXtLVYxkwGj7r3mMTOBl3ribx00tDXi9X4tJtEWGCm8SMv83j74SNRGPGywF4rKcR5pbzS6O3M75hb--il5xKX2E5ueyZiGwHfaIH4XnjUKOd9YciZySj7faPbZvbUiQpvto5-N1vdJP-Ao7BcGQ"></script>
<script src="/modules/custom/cfr_sailthru/js/sailthru_init.js?sndadl" async defer></script>
<script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_n5hZGATm86yldfx1LeNBZ5GkULqb6X6CIYTBQXhc6OA.js?scope=header&delta=6&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJyNU9tynDAM_SFYf0Qynfa1l2ePsLXgxLaIJJOhX1_BppQ0O52-MOjoenTkcGWvExZ0Y6YBcg-sKWTsgjlukCvAV8S8QxMVnGFELxg0URUHcYEaMHpoSoHKnFFv6QIp68TNPcECEjjN6mFOPqeBgdcugkKGFdlNmGfkEzDgBEsili7Dz9Vtn04QOEzv2rh99EtJNRXIlyDSBWJ0kdts9ruJZBXF4gYQ7LD5QPSc0O_utBFw90Af8QotaxejP6bzSpTFHfYXqyv3IkITpfKYClaxXf0Q5AdQHGkj_zF8SRHpm4K2_6n2QFWx6meEmFPFuxmM1i5-t5R77pliANFPtj2Z_hFgI_HdDcwk-mgdvuKStpF21U0SP6Gph6J_7ygc1zaMvUk2Yi-vScN08gTg2I9Mbe6MXtLVYxkwGj7r3mMTOBl3ribx00tDXi9X4tJtEWGCm8SMv83j74SNRGPGywF4rKcR5pbzS6O3M75hb--il5xKX2E5ueyZiGwHfaIH4XnjUKOd9YciZySj7faPbZvbUiQpvto5-N1vdJP-Ao7BcGQ"></script>
<script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?hl=en&render=explicit&onload=drupalRecaptchaOnload" async defer></script>
</head>
<body class="node-article page--type--article published">
<div class="body-clip-overflow">
<a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable">
Skip to main content
</a>
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KFS3NQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><div data-sitewide-alert></div>
<div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>
<div class="layout-container">
<header role="banner">
<div>
<div id="block-topicnavigationblock">
<header class="main-header main-header--without-msp">
<div class="main-header__container">
<div class="main-header__search">
<div class="main-header__search-container">
<form action="/search" autocomplete="off" class="main-header__search-form">
<input type="search" name="keyword" placeholder="What are you searching for?" class="main-header__search-input main-header__autocomplete" />
<button type="button" class="main-header__search-cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div class="main-header__belt">
<div class="main-header__belt-container">
<div class="main-header__branding">
<a href="/" class="main-header__branding-link">
<svg viewBox="0 0 125 60" class="main-header__branding-icon icon-logo-signature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title>Council on Foreign Relations</title>
<path d="M106.909 13.178c-.502.92-1.081 1.458-1.854 1.458-.713 0-1.01-.522-.975-1.458.062-1.772 1.163-4.833 2.824-4.833.6 0 .999.416.97 1.371-.026.912-.386 2.406-.965 3.462m-.055-5.377c-2.64 0-4.56 2.264-4.63 4.755-.04 1.428.743 2.647 2.703 2.647 3.06 0 4.676-2.7 4.73-4.714.053-1.57-.944-2.688-2.803-2.688m17.484 3.789c0-.612-.316-1.01-.782-1.01-.404 0-.679.3-.679.677 0 .[scrubbed] 1.239-.001.259-.103.519-.32.765-.31.297-.748.513-2.042.513h-3.142c-.364 0-.465-.154-.313-.587.468-1.341 1.109-2.92 1.241-3.587.176-.876-.203-1.687-1.315-1.687-1.749 0-2.89 1.524-4.426 4.42h-.089s1.115-2.606 1.115-3.464c0-.61-.367-.946-1.026-.946-1.009 0-2.041 1.05-2.486 1.63l.31.302c.203-.255.51-.557.737-.733.402-.312.808-.263.687.407-.155.866-1.328 3.959-1.961 5.535h1.827c1.875-3.756 3.251-6.174 4.345-6.174.317 0 .[scrubbed] 0 .675-.985 2.959-1.389 4.312-.238.8-.183 1.332.52 1.332h3.498c1.451 0 2.618-.677 3.122-1.04 1.003-.68 1.635-1.614 1.635-2.433M10.751 24.923v-2.138H2.058v14.48h2.448V30.94h5.657v-2.143H4.506v-3.874zm71.256-.185c-1.474-1.462-3.291-2.302-5.748-2.302-4.258 0-7.677 3.079-7.676 7.66-.001 4.576 3.074 7.48 7.453 7.48h.014c4.075 0 7.1-2.548 7.115-6.755v-.448h-7.093v2.06h4.397c-.473 2.002-2.291 2.938-4.271 2.938-3.055 0-5.025-2.035-5.028-5.347.008-3.065 2.025-5.4 4.976-5.405 2.104 0 3.426.977 4.223 1.776l1.638-1.657zM4.49 51.483v-4.486h2.005c2.614 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.105 0 .888-.377 2.381-2.901 2.381H4.49zm3.519 1.851s-.018-.018.112-.034c2.109-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.893-4.18-4.818-4.18H2.058v14.535H4.49v-6.019h.592l4.895 6.02h3.09l-5.06-6.07zm9.314-8.445v14.533h9.205v-2.114h-6.68v-4.337h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.21v-2.108zm13.937-.022v14.535h8.865v-2.094h-6.343v-12.44zm24.952 0v2.13h4.494v12.407h2.438V46.995h4.49v-2.13zM71.44 59.402h2.529V44.866H71.44zm35.288-5.305l-9.756-9.776v15.082h2.43v-9.167c.423.418 9.757 9.764 9.757 9.764V44.867h-2.431v9.23zm11.854-3.111c-1.794-.892-2.6-1.555-2.6-2.6 0-1.58 1.623-1.775 2.107-1.775 1.029 0 1.988.344 2.834 1.133l1.234-1.761c-1.366-1.073-2.622-1.393-4.068-1.393-2.648 0-4.5 1.61-4.5 3.924 0 2.215 1.455 3.317 3.917 4.575 1.699.867 2.557 1.632 2.557 2.654 0 1.142-.993 1.819-2.301 1.819-1.38 0-2.47-.465-3.567-1.488l-1.375 1.721c1.582 1.46 3.24 1.87 4.763 1.87 3.286 0 4.942-1.864 4.942-4.14 0-2.331-1.765-3.454-3.943-4.54M12.08 11.201c-1.172 1.342-2.672 2.016-4.33 2.016-2.959 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.403 0-3.105 2.076-5.258 4.862-5.258 1.55 0 2.882.51 4.066 1.695l1.618-1.64C11.686 1.083 9.828.363 7.47.363 3.244.363 0 3.586 0 7.884c0 4.511 3.088 7.523 7.433 7.523 2.561 0 4.584-.862 6.046-2.523l-1.399-1.683zm66.172.03c-1.172 1.341-2.547 1.975-4.422 1.975-3.084 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.402 0-3.104 2.084-5.267 4.87-5.267 1.55 0 2.883.51 4.066 1.695l1.6-1.619c-1.39-1.536-3.287-2.25-5.645-2.25-4.343 0-7.472 3.223-7.472 7.521 0 4.511 3 7.523 7.435 7.523 2.677 0 4.676-.822 6.137-2.483l-1.4-1.693zm-38.644 4.05c3.432 0 5.411-1.862 5.973-4.36.11-.496.165-1.217.165-1.834V.548H43.31v8.468c0 2.721-1.342 4.075-3.68 4.075-2.41 0-3.854-1.398-3.854-4.075V.548H33.34v8.54c0 .642.057 1.338.17 1.833.573 2.498 2.598 4.36 6.1 4.36m13.05-9.512c.425.419 9.83 9.91 9.83 9.91V.548h-2.372v9.365L50.294 0v15.082h2.366V5.769zm30.062 9.313h2.525V.548h-2.525zM90.25.548V15.08h8.942v-2.095h-6.41V.548zM22.66 2.403c-2.794 0-5.06 2.216-5.06 5.466s2.154 5.467 5.06 5.467c2.904 0 5.056-2.217 5.056-5.467 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.057-5.466m-7.613 5.464C15.042 3.503 18.316.25 22.66.25c4.344 0 7.614 3.254 7.613 7.618.001 4.362-3.136 7.617-7.613 7.617-4.478 0-7.617-3.255-7.613-7.617m5.94 16.692c-2.793 0-5.057 2.216-5.057 5.467 0 3.25 2.152 5.467 5.057 5.467 2.906 0 5.057-2.217 5.057-5.467 0-3.251-2.263-5.467-5.057-5.467m-7.613 5.465c-.005-4.365 3.269-7.62 7.613-7.62 4.345 0 7.616 3.255 7.614 7.62.002 4.363-3.137 7.617-7.614 7.617s-7.618-3.254-7.613-7.617m36.748.788h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.208v-2.108h-8.734v14.534h9.205v-2.114h-6.679zm11.533 6.452h2.525V22.73h-2.525zm-26.489-7.92v-4.487h2.004c2.613 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.107 0 .887-.378 2.38-2.901 2.38h-2.022zm3.519 1.85s-.019-.017.111-.033c2.108-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.894-4.182-4.818-4.182h-4.975v14.537h2.433v-6.018h.592l4.895 6.018h3.09l-5.058-6.07zm3.449 28.204h2.541l1.416-3.376h5.558l1.393 3.376h2.682l-6.774-15.49-6.816 15.49zm6.732-10.073l1.89 4.542h-3.789l1.9-4.542zm36.612-2.6c-2.792 0-5.056 2.216-5.056 5.466 0 3.251 2.153 5.468 5.056 5.468 2.907 0 5.06-2.217 5.06-5.468 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.06-5.466m-7.613 5.464c-.004-4.365 3.27-7.617 7.614-7.617 4.344 0 7.617 3.252 7.614 7.617.002 4.362-3.138 7.618-7.615 7.618s-7.617-3.256-7.613-7.618m11.558-24.238c.424.419 9.829 9.909 9.829 9.909V22.73h-2.37v9.366l-9.823-9.913v15.082h2.364v-9.313z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/>
</svg>
</a>
</div>
<div class="main-header__corporate">
<ul class="main-header__corporate-list">
<li class="main-header__corporate-list-item">
<a href="https://foreignaffairs.com" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link main-header__corporate-link--fa" rel="noopener">
Foreign Affairs
</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__corporate-list-item">
<a href="https://education.cfr.org/" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link" rel="noopener">
CFR Education
</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__corporate-list-item">
<a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link main-header__corporate-link-- js-sailthru-newsletter" rel="noopener">
Newsletters
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="main-header__controls">
<ul class="main-header__controls-list">
<li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--initiatives">
<div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown">
<button class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-toggle">
<svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__initiatives-grid-icon icon-grid">
<rect x="1" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/>
<rect x="1" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/>
<rect x="1" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/>
<rect x="8" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/>
<rect x="8" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/>
<rect x="8" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/>
<rect x="15" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/>
<rect x="15" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/>
<rect x="15" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/>
</svg>
</button>
<div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-menu">
<div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-menu-container">
<div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-title">Related Sites</div>
<ul class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list">
<li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item">
<a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link">
<img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-coc-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Council of Councils" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" />
Council of Councils
</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item">
<a href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link">
<img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-tgh-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Think Global Health" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" />
Think Global Health
</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item">
<a href="https://cfrorg.store" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link">
<img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-store.png" loading="lazy" alt="Online Store" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" />
Online Store
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--user">
<a href="/member/login" class="main-header__controls-link">
<svg viewBox="0 0 22 22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__controls-icon-user icon-user-circle-outlined" fill="none">
<path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 21c5.523 0 10-4.477 10-10S16.523 1 11 1 1 5.477 1 11s4.477 10 10 10z"/>
<path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 12.25a3.25 3.25 0 100-6.5 3.25 3.25 0 000 6.5zM5.468 19.153v-1.6A2.553 2.553 0 018.021 15h5.958a2.553 2.553 0 012.553 2.553v1.702"/>
</svg>
</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--search-cta">
<button type="submit" class="main-header__search-cta">
<svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="main-header__search-icon icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title>Search</title>
<g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd">
<path d="M10 18a8 8 0 1 0 0-16 8 8 0 0 0 0 16zm0-2a6 6 0 1 1 0-12 6 6 0 0 1 0 12z"/>
<path d="M14.293 15.707l7 7 1.414-1.414-7-7z"/>
</g>
</svg>
</button>
</li>
<li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--menu">
<div class="main-header__menu-hotspot">
<div class="main-header__menu-btn">
<span class="main-header__menu-btn-bar"></span>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--search">
<div class="main-header__search-inline">
<form action="/search" autocomplete="off" class="main-header__search-inline-form">
<input type="search" name="keyword" placeholder="What are you searching for?" class="main-header__search-inline-input main-header__autocomplete" />
<button type="submit" class="main-header__search-inline-cta">
<svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="main-header__search-inline-icon icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title>Search</title>
<g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd">
<path d="M10 18a8 8 0 1 0 0-16 8 8 0 0 0 0 16zm0-2a6 6 0 1 1 0-12 6 6 0 0 1 0 12z"/>
<path d="M14.293 15.707l7 7 1.414-1.414-7-7z"/>
</g>
</svg>
</button>
</form>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="main-header__nav">
<div class="main-header__nav-container">
<ul class="main-header__nav-list main-header__nav--with-featured">
<li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--featured">
<a href="https://www.cfr.org/experts" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Experts</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--featured">
<a href="https://www.cfr.org/election2024" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Election 2024</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown">
<a href="/topics" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Topics</a>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown">
<button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured">
<div class="main-header__featured">
<div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div>
<div class="main-header__featured-content">
<section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail">
<div class="card-article__container">
<p class="card-article__topic-tag">
<a href="/energy-and-environment/climate-change" class="card-article__topic-tag-link">
Climate Change
</a>
</p>
<div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper">
<a href="/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements " class="card-article__link">
<div class="card-article__info">
<p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures</p>
<div class="card-article__image">
<div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp></div>
</div>
<div class="card-article__caption">
<div class="card-article__caption_wrapper">
<span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction
Over the last several decades, governments have collectively pledged to slow global warming. But despite intensified diplomacy, the world is already facing the consequences of climate…</div>
<p class="card-article__metadata">
<span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span>
<span class="card-article__authors">
by Lindsay Maizland</span>
<span class="card-article__date"> December 5, 2023</span>
<a href="/programs/renewing-america" class="card-article__series">
Renewing America
</a>
</p>
</div>
</section>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list">
<ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list">
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/defense-and-security" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Defense & Security</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Diplomacy & International Institutions</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/economics" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Economics</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/energy-and-environment" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Energy & Environment</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/health" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Health</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/human-rights" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Human Rights</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/politics-and-government" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Politics & Government</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/social-issues" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Social Issues</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown">
<a href="/regions" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Regions</a>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown">
<button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured">
<div class="main-header__featured">
<div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div>
<div class="main-header__featured-content">
<section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail">
<div class="card-article__container">
<p class="card-article__topic-tag">
<a href="/asia/myanmar" class="card-article__topic-tag-link">
Myanmar
</a>
</p>
<div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper">
<a href="/backgrounder/myanmar-history-coup-military-rule-ethnic-conflict-rohingya " class="card-article__link">
<div class="card-article__info">
<p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Myanmar’s Troubled History</p>
<div class="card-article__image">
<div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2021/02/myanmarbgr.jpg.webp></div>
</div>
<div class="card-article__caption">
<div class="card-article__caption_wrapper">
<span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction
Throughout its decades of independence, Myanmar has struggled with military rule, civil war, poor governance, and widespread poverty. A military coup in February 2021 dashed hopes for…</div>
<p class="card-article__metadata">
<span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span>
<span class="card-article__authors">
by Lindsay Maizland</span>
<span class="card-article__date"> January 31, 2022</span>
</p>
</div>
</section>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list">
<ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list">
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/americas" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Americas</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/asia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Asia</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/europe-and-eurasia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Europe & Eurasia</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/global-commons" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Global Commons</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Middle East & North Africa</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/oceania" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Oceania</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/sub-saharan-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown">
<a href="/explainers" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Explainers</a>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown">
<button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured">
<div class="main-header__featured">
<div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div>
<div class="main-header__featured-content">
<section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail">
<div class="card-article__container">
<p class="card-article__topic-tag">
<a href="/health" class="card-article__topic-tag-link">
Health
</a>
</p>
<div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper">
<a href="/article/how-new-tobacco-control-laws-could-help-close-racial-gap-us-cancer " class="card-article__link">
<div class="card-article__info">
<p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer</p>
<div class="card-article__image">
<div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/01/GettyImages-1409152899_Resized_0.jpg.webp></div>
</div>
<div class="card-article__caption">
<div class="card-article__caption_wrapper">
<span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">During the 2020 presidential campaign, Joe Biden promised that his administration would make a “historic effort” to reduce long-running racial inequities in health. Tobacco use—the leading cause of p…</div>
<p class="card-article__metadata">
<span class="card-article__publication-type">Interactive</span>
<span class="card-article__authors">
by Olivia Angelino, <a href="/expert/thomas-j-bollyky" class="card-article__authors-link">Thomas J. Bollyky</a>, Elle Ruggiero and Isabella Turilli</span>
<span class="card-article__date"> February 1, 2023</span>
<a href="/programs/global-health-program" class="card-article__series">
Global Health Program
</a>
</p>
</div>
</section>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list">
<ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list">
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/backgrounders" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Backgrounders</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/inbriefs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">In Briefs</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/podcasts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Podcasts</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/videos" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Videos</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/timelines" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Timelines</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/special-projects" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Special Projects</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/infoguides" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">InfoGuides</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown">
<a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Research & Analysis</a>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown">
<button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured">
<div class="main-header__featured">
<div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div>
<div class="main-header__featured-content">
<section class="card-article card-article-book-report card-article--with-thumbnail">
<div class="card-article__container">
<p class="card-article__topic-tag">
<a href="/politics-and-government/democracy" class="card-article__topic-tag-link">
Democracy
</a>
</p>
<div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper">
<a href="/report/foreign-influence-and-democratic-governance " class="card-article__link">
<div class="card-article__info">
<p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Foreign Influence and Democratic Governance</p>
<div class="card-article__image">
<picture>
<source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="380" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/10/AP24163746645704_brighter%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/>
<source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="380" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/10/AP24163746645704_brighter%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/>
<source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="380" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/10/AP24163746645704_brighter%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/>
<source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="380" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/10/AP24163746645704_brighter%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/>
<img width="380" height="253" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/10/AP24163746645704_brighter%20%281%29.jpg.webp" />
</picture>
</div>
<div class="card-article__caption">
<div class="card-article__caption_wrapper">
<span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction
Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election heightened concern over efforts by authoritarian governments to both redirect foreign policy and undermine confidence in de…</div>
<p class="card-article__metadata">
<span class="card-article__publication-type">Council Special Report</span>
<span class="card-article__authors">
by <a href="/expert/miles-kahler" class="card-article__authors-link">Miles Kahler</a></span>
<span class="card-article__date"> October 23, 2024</span>
<a href="/programs/diamonstein-spielvogel-project-future-democracy" class="card-article__series">
Diamonstein-Spielvogel Project on the Future of Democracy
</a>
</p>
</div>
</section>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list">
<ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list">
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers & Programs</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books & Reports</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown">
<a href="/outreach" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Communities</a>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown">
<button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured">
<div class="main-header__featured">
<div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div>
<div class="main-header__featured-content">
<section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail">
<div class="card-article__container">
<p class="card-article__topic-tag">
<a href="/oil-and-petroleum-products" class="card-article__topic-tag-link">
Oil and Petroleum Products
</a>
</p>
<div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper">
<a href="/event/academic-webinar-geopolitics-oil " class="card-article__link">
<div class="card-article__info">
<p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Academic Webinar: The Geopolitics of Oil</p>
<div class="card-article__image">
<span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title>Play</title>
<path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/>
</svg>
</span>
<div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2023/04/cms%20Saudi%20Arabia%20oil%20refinery%20by%20Ahmed%20Jadallah%20Reuters.jpg.webp></div>
</div>
<div class="card-article__caption">
<div class="card-article__caption_wrapper">
<span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<p class="card-article__metadata">
<span class="card-article__publication-type">Webinar</span>
<span class="card-article__authors">
with Carolyn Kissane and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/irina-faskianos" class="card-article__authors-link">Irina A. Faskianos</a></span>
<span class="card-article__date"> April 12, 2023</span>
</p>
</div>
</section>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list">
<ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list">
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State & Local Officials</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown">
<a href="/event" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Events</a>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown">
<button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured">
<div class="main-header__featured">
<div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div>
<div class="main-header__featured-content">
<section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail">
<div class="card-article__container">
<p class="card-article__topic-tag">
<a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article__topic-tag-link">
United States
</a>
</p>
<div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper">
<a href="/event/2024-stephen-c-freidheim-symposium-global-economics " class="card-article__link">
<div class="card-article__info">
<p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">2024 Stephen C. Freidheim Symposium on Global Economics</p>
<div class="card-article__image">
<div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/10/DSC03142%20%281%29.JPG.webp></div>
</div>
<div class="card-article__caption">
<div class="card-article__caption_wrapper">
<span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
<div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">This symposium was created to address the broad spectrum of issues affecting Wall Street and international economics. It was established through the generous support of Council board member Stephen C…</div>
<p class="card-article__metadata">
<span class="card-article__publication-type">Virtual Event</span>
<span class="card-article__authors">
with Emily J. Blanchard, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/matthew-p-goodman" class="card-article__authors-link">Matthew P. Goodman</a>, David R. Malpass, Elizabeth Rosenberg, Janet Yellen, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/michael-froman" class="card-article__authors-link">Michael Froman</a> and Rebecca Patterson</span>
<span class="card-article__date"> October 17, 2024</span>
<a href="/programs/greenberg-center-geoeconomic-studies" class="card-article__series">
Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies
</a>
</p>
</div>
</section>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list">
<ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list">
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/event-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Lectureship Series</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/conference-call-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Webinars & Conference Calls</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/meeting-types/symposia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Symposia</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--initiatives">
<a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Related Sites</a>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown">
<button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list">
<ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list">
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link">
<img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-coc-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Council of Councils" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" />
Council of Councils
</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link">
<img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-tgh-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Think Global Health" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" />
Think Global Health
</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="https://cfrorg.store" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link">
<img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-store.png" loading="lazy" alt="Online Store" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" />
Online Store
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--more">
<a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">More</a>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown">
<button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list">
<ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list">
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link">
Research & Analysis
</a>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown">
<button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list">
<ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list">
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers & Programs</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books & Reports</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/outreach" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link">
Communities
</a>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown">
<button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list">
<ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list">
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State & Local Officials</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/event" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link">
Events
</a>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown">
<button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button>
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container">
<div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list">
<ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list">
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/event-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Lectureship Series</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/conference-call-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Webinars & Conference Calls</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item">
<a href="/meeting-types/symposia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Symposia</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="main-header__nav-corporate">
<ul class="main-header__nav-corporate-list">
<li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item">
<a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link main-header__nav-corporate-link-- js-sailthru-newsletter">
Newsletters
</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item">
<a href="https://education.cfr.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link">
CFR Education
</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item">
<a href="https://foreignaffairs.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link main-header__nav-corporate-link--fa">
Foreign Affairs
</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--user">
<a href="/member/login" class="main-header__controls-link">
<svg viewBox="0 0 22 22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__controls-icon-user icon-user-circle-outlined" fill="none">
<path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 21c5.523 0 10-4.477 10-10S16.523 1 11 1 1 5.477 1 11s4.477 10 10 10z"/>
<path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 12.25a3.25 3.25 0 100-6.5 3.25 3.25 0 000 6.5zM5.468 19.153v-1.6A2.553 2.553 0 018.021 15h5.958a2.553 2.553 0 012.553 2.553v1.702"/>
</svg>
</a>
</li>
<li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item main-header__nav-corporate-list-item--essay-member">
<a href="/member/login" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link">
Member Login
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
</div>
<div id="block-newsalert">
</div>
</div>
</header>
<main role="main">
<a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a>
<div class="layout-content">
<div id="block-cfr-theme-messages">
</div>
<div class="slim-nav slim-nav__wrapper slim-nav__wrapper__logged-out">
<div class="slim-nav__container slim-nav__container__article">
<div class="slim-nav__cell slim-nav__logo">
<a href="/"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 31" class="icon icon-logo-monogram" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title>Logo</title>
<path d="M19.7 1.268C19.7.544 19.188 0 18.34 0c-1.908 0-3.523 2.049-4.418 3.55-1.471 2.463-2.456 6.02-3.235 9.78-.116.56-.545 2.667-.545 2.667H8.254l-.123.652h1.896c-.398 2.261-1.202 6.353-1.711 8.603-.47 2.075-1.063 4.396-2.657 4.988.185-.215.262-.586.262-.83-.001-.602-.497-1.107-1.202-1.107-.867 0-1.367.622-1.373 1.31-.005.739.534 1.298 1.537 1.298 1.97 0 4.832-2.082 6.337-9.018.328-1.516 1.039-5.244 1.039-5.244h1.96l.121-.652h-1.958s.717-3.92 1.43-7.123c.91-4.092 1.932-7.164 3.51-8.11a1.294 1.294 0 0 0-.225.709c0 .711.492 1.203 1.23 1.2.734-.003 1.374-.544 1.374-1.405zm4.178 11.912c0-.519-.368-1.189-1.314-1.189-1.72 0-2.84 2.174-3.33 3.214.165-.741.269-1.368.269-1.853 0-.82-.444-1.281-1.136-1.281-1.588 0-2.766 2.214-2.926 2.541l.4.208c.46-.848.965-1.414 1.356-1.414.248 0 .[scrubbed]-.105.918-.846 3.958-1.383 6.14h1.922s.325-1.197.678-2.385c.737-2.473 1.754-4.278 2.581-4.879a1.22 1.22 0 0 0-.04.338c.004.57.398 1.15 1.193 1.15.9 0 1.397-.678 1.397-1.398zm-18.995.668c0 .63.459 1.096 1.193 1.096.76 0 1.407-.587 1.407-1.422 0-.898-.763-1.572-2.28-1.572C2.277 11.95 0 14.44 0 17.308c0 1.983 1.247 3.261 3.256 3.261 2.21 0 3.359-1.482 3.864-2.243l-.401-.237c-.26.39-1.253 1.641-2.65 1.641-1.244 0-1.887-.905-1.887-2.48 0-2.637 1.463-4.78 3.078-4.78.282 0 .[scrubbed]-.626.147-1.024.653-1.024 1.256z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/>
</svg>
</a>
</div>
<div class="slim-nav__cell slim-nav__titles-container
slim-nav__titles-container__article">
<div class="slim-nav__cell slim-nav__titles-container__section-title"></div>
<div class="slim-nav__cell slim-nav__titles-container__article-title"><span class="slim-nav__titles-container__article-title__text">Marriage Equality: Global Comparisons</span></div>
</div>
<div class="slim-nav__cell slim-nav__share">
<div class="share-kit share-kit--collapsed share-kit--icon-color-brown share-kit--bg-color-beige share-kit--theme-none"
data-share-anchor=""
data-share-query=""
data-share-name=""
data-share-description=""
data-share-caption=""
data-share-picture=""
data-share-type=""
>
<div class="share-kit__icons">
<button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__facebook" onclick="CFR.Share.facebook(this)">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M16 8.049c0-4.446-3.582-8.05-8-8.05C3.58 0-.002 3.603-.002 8.05c0 4.017 2.926 7.347 6.75 7.951v-5.625h-2.03V8.05H6.75V6.275c0-2.017 1.195-3.131 3.022-3.131.876 0 1.791.157 1.791.157v1.98h-1.009c-.993 0-1.303.621-1.303 1.258v1.51h2.218l-.354 2.326H9.25V16c3.824-.604 6.75-3.934 6.75-7.951z" class="icon-fill"/>
</svg>
</button>
<button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__twitter" onclick="CFR.Share.twitter(this)">
<svg viewBox="0 0 1350 1377" class="icon icon-twitter" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="none" class="icon-fill" />
</svg>
</button>
<button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__linkedin" onclick="CFR.Share.linkedin(this)">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M0 1.146C0 .513.526 0 1.175 0h13.65C15.474 0 16 .513 16 1.146v13.708c0 .633-.526 1.146-1.175 1.146H1.175C.526 16 0 15.487 0 14.854V1.146zm4.943 12.248V6.169H2.542v7.225h2.401zm-1.2-8.212c.837 0 1.358-.554 1.358-1.248-.015-.709-.52-1.248-1.342-1.248-.822 0-1.359.54-1.359 1.248 0 .694.521 1.248 1.327 1.248h.016zm4.908 8.212V9.359c0-.216.016-.432.08-.586.173-.431.568-.878 1.232-.878.869 0 1.216.662 1.216 1.634v3.865h2.401V9.25c0-2.22-1.184-3.252-2.764-3.252-1.274 0-1.845.7-2.165 1.193v.025h-.016a5.54 5.54 0 0 1 .016-.025V6.169h-2.4c.03.678 0 7.225 0 7.225h2.4z" class="icon-fill"/>
</svg>
</button>
<button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__e-mail-filled" onclick="CFR.Share.email(this)">
<svg viewBox="0 0 23 14" class="icon icon-e-mail-filled" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title>Email</title>
<path d="M.915 0l10.258 7.808L21.673 0H.915zm10.258 8.804L0 .297V14h22.615V.297L11.173 8.804z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/>
</svg>
</button>
</div>
<button type="button" class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__collapse-btn">
<svg viewBox="0 0 22 24" class="icon icon-share" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title>Share</title>
<g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd">
<path d="M8.292 2.255L2.444 8.037V6.47l5.848 5.782A1.103 1.103 0 1 1 6.74 13.82L.893 8.037a1.103 1.103 0 0 1 0-1.568L6.741.686a1.103 1.103 0 1 1 1.55 1.569z"/>
<path d="M19.485 22.766c0-8.01-6.783-14.59-14.988-14.59H1.899a1.103 1.103 0 0 1 0-2.206h2.598c9.409 0 17.194 7.553 17.194 16.796a1.103 1.103 0 1 1-2.206 0z"/>
</g>
</svg>
</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="slim-nav__cell slim-nav__search search__article ">
<form action="/search" autocomplete="off" class="main-header__search-inline-form">
<input type="search" name="keyword" placeholder="What are you searching for?" class="main-header__search-inline-input main-header__autocomplete slim-nav__search-inline-input" />
<button type="submit" class="main-header__search-slim-nav">
<svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title>Search</title>
<g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd">
<path d="M10 18a8 8 0 1 0 0-16 8 8 0 0 0 0 16zm0-2a6 6 0 1 1 0-12 6 6 0 0 1 0 12z"/>
<path d="M14.293 15.707l7 7 1.414-1.414-7-7z"/>
</g>
</svg>
</button>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div class="progress-container">
<div id="progressBar" class="progress-bar"></div>
</div>
</div><article class="cfr-transported-content main-wrapper main-wrapper--backgrounder slim-nav--enabled" data-nid="227998">
<div>
<header class="article-header-backgrounder article-header-backgrounder--with-media-small">
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__content">
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__content-container">
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__series">
<a href="/backgrounders" class="article-header-backgrounder__series-link">Backgrounder</a>
</div>
<h1 class="article-header-backgrounder__title">Marriage Equality: Global Comparisons</h1>
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__description">A growing number of countries are legalizing same-sex marriage amid a steady advance in rights for LGBTQ+ people, but opposition remains strong in many others.
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__media">
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__media-container">
<figure class="article-header-backgrounder__figure">
<img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/immersive_image_3_2_desktop_2x/public/image/2020/06/samesexmarriage_0.webp" alt="The first known same-sex couple to get married in Northern Ireland addresses the media in February 2020." class="article-header-backgrounder__image" />
<figcaption class="article-header-backgrounder__caption">
The first known same-sex couple to get married in Northern Ireland addresses the media in February 2020.
<span class="article-header-backgrounder__credit">Phil Noble/Reuters</span> </figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__metadata-content">
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__metadata-content-container">
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__metadata article-header-backgrounder__metadata--authors">
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__metadata-header">Written By</div>
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__metadata-body">
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__authors">
<span class="article-header-backgrounder__author">CFR.org Editors</span> </div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__metadata article-header-backgrounder__metadata--date">
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__metadata-header">Updated</div>
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__metadata-body">
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__date">
Last updated December 22, 2022 9:30 am (EST)
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__metadata article-header-backgrounder__metadata--social">
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__metadata-body">
<div class="article-header-backgrounder__social">
<div class="share-kit share-kit--collapsed share-kit--icon-color-brown share-kit--bg-color-beige share-kit--theme-none"
data-share-anchor=""
data-share-query=""
data-share-name="Marriage Equality: Global Comparisons"
data-share-description="A growing number of countries are legalizing same-sex marriage amid a steady advance in rights for LGBTQ+ people, but opposition remains strong in many others.
"
data-share-caption=""
data-share-picture="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/image/2020/06/samesexmarriage_0.jpg"
data-share-type="article"
>
<div class="share-kit__icons">
<button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__facebook" onclick="CFR.Share.facebook(this)">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M16 8.049c0-4.446-3.582-8.05-8-8.05C3.58 0-.002 3.603-.002 8.05c0 4.017 2.926 7.347 6.75 7.951v-5.625h-2.03V8.05H6.75V6.275c0-2.017 1.195-3.131 3.022-3.131.876 0 1.791.157 1.791.157v1.98h-1.009c-.993 0-1.303.621-1.303 1.258v1.51h2.218l-.354 2.326H9.25V16c3.824-.604 6.75-3.934 6.75-7.951z" class="icon-fill"/>
</svg>
</button>
<button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__twitter" onclick="CFR.Share.twitter(this)">
<svg viewBox="0 0 1350 1377" class="icon icon-twitter" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="none" class="icon-fill" />
</svg>
</button>
<button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__print-filled" onclick="CFR.Share.print(this)">
<svg viewBox="0 0 17 17" class="icon icon-print-filled" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title>Print</title>
<g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd">
<path d="M13.985 4.973V2.92h-2.911V.212a.21.21 0 0 0-.21-.21H3.142a.21.21 0 0 0-.21.21v4.971h10.843a.21.21 0 0 0 .21-.21m2.923 1.062a.202.202 0 0 0-.202-.202H.202A.201.201 0 0 0 0 6.035l.021 7.695c0 .[scrubbed].202h2.085v-4.97c0-.47.382-.853.852-.853h10.63c.47 0 .851.382.851.852v4.971h2.086a.203.203 0 0 0 .202-.202l-.02-7.695z"/>
<path d="M10.774 11.66H6.176a.326.326 0 0 1 0-.65h4.598a.324.324 0 1 1 0 .65m0 2.921H6.176a.326.326 0 0 1 0-.65h4.598a.324.324 0 1 1 0 .65M13.79 8.76H3.16a.201.201 0 0 0-.201.202v7.67c0 .[scrubbed].201H13.79a.203.203 0 0 0 .202-.202v-7.67a.202.202 0 0 0-.202-.202m.195-6.469h-2.08a.21.21 0 0 1-.21-.21V0l2.29 2.29z"/>
</g>
</svg>
</button>
<button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__linkedin" onclick="CFR.Share.linkedin(this)">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M0 1.146C0 .513.526 0 1.175 0h13.65C15.474 0 16 .513 16 1.146v13.708c0 .633-.526 1.146-1.175 1.146H1.175C.526 16 0 15.487 0 14.854V1.146zm4.943 12.248V6.169H2.542v7.225h2.401zm-1.2-8.212c.837 0 1.358-.554 1.358-1.248-.015-.709-.52-1.248-1.342-1.248-.822 0-1.359.54-1.359 1.248 0 .694.521 1.248 1.327 1.248h.016zm4.908 8.212V9.359c0-.216.016-.432.08-.586.173-.431.568-.878 1.232-.878.869 0 1.216.662 1.216 1.634v3.865h2.401V9.25c0-2.22-1.184-3.252-2.764-3.252-1.274 0-1.845.7-2.165 1.193v.025h-.016a5.54 5.54 0 0 1 .016-.025V6.169h-2.4c.03.678 0 7.225 0 7.225h2.4z" class="icon-fill"/>
</svg>
</button>
<button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__e-mail-filled" onclick="CFR.Share.email(this)">
<svg viewBox="0 0 23 14" class="icon icon-e-mail-filled" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title>Email</title>
<path d="M.915 0l10.258 7.808L21.673 0H.915zm10.258 8.804L0 .297V14h22.615V.297L11.173 8.804z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/>
</svg>
</button>
</div>
<button type="button" class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__collapse-btn">
<svg viewBox="0 0 22 24" class="icon icon-share" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<title>Share</title>
<g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd">
<path d="M8.292 2.255L2.444 8.037V6.47l5.848 5.782A1.103 1.103 0 1 1 6.74 13.82L.893 8.037a1.103 1.103 0 0 1 0-1.568L6.741.686a1.103 1.103 0 1 1 1.55 1.569z"/>
<path d="M19.485 22.766c0-8.01-6.783-14.59-14.988-14.59H1.899a1.103 1.103 0 0 1 0-2.206h2.598c9.409 0 17.194 7.553 17.194 16.796a1.103 1.103 0 1 1-2.206 0z"/>
</g>
</svg>
</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="main-wrapper__article-body body-content">
<div class="highlight-to-share">
<div class="summary">
<div class="summary__container">
<div class="summary__title">Summary</div>
<div class="summary__description"><ul>
<li><span><span><span><span><span><span>More than two dozen countries have marriage equality</span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>, and</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span> more than half of these are in Western Europe.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Cuba and Slovenia were the latest to legalize same-sex marriage, both in 2022.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span><span><span><span><span>The expansion of LGBTQ+ rights around the globe has been uneven, with bans on same-sex relationships still in place in many countries.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card-group-related">
<div class="card-group-related__container">
<div class="card-group-related__title">Related</div>
<div class="card-group-related__items">
<div class="card-article-related">
<div class="card-article-related__container">
<a href="/blog/women-week-deadlock-cop29-update-un-action-plan-gender-and-climate" class="card-article-related__link">
<div class="card-article-related__image" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/11/cop.JPG.webp)"></div>
<div class="card-article-related__title">Women This Week: Deadlock at COP29 to Update UN Action Plan on Gender and Climate </div>
</a>
<div class="card-article-related__authors">by <a href="/bio/noel-james" class="card-article-related__authors-link">Noël James</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card-article-related">
<div class="card-article-related__container">
<a href="/blog/southeast-and-south-asia-step-controls-online-discourse" class="card-article-related__link">
<div class="card-article-related__image" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/10/Cambodia.JPG.webp)"></div>
<div class="card-article-related__title">Southeast and South Asia Step Up Controls on Online Discourse</div>
</a>
<div class="card-article-related__authors">by <a href="/expert/joshua-kurlantzick" class="card-article-related__authors-link">Joshua Kurlantzick</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card-article-related">
<div class="card-article-related__container">
<a href="/article/thailands-chance-send-right-signal" class="card-article-related__link">
<div class="card-article-related__image" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/10/2024-08-07T140324Z_474802841_RC2WA9AJ3MH4_RTRMADP_3_THAILAND-POLITICS_1.JPG.webp)"></div>
<div class="card-article-related__title">Thailand's Chance to Send the Right Signal</div>
</a>
<div class="card-article-related__authors">by <a href="/expert/david-j-scheffer" class="card-article-related__authors-link">David J. Scheffer</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="body-content"><body><h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>Thirty-three countries, including the United States, have legalized same-sex marriage, and some others recognize same-sex civil unions. Yet same-sex marriage remains banned in many countries, and the expansion of broader LGBTQ+ rights has been uneven globally. International organizations, including the United Nations, have issued resolutions in support of LGBTQ+ rights, but human rights groups say these organizations have limited power to enforce them.</p>
<h2>International Norms, Democracy, and LGBTQ+ Rights</h2>
<section class="experts-posts desktop-only">
<div class="experts-posts__title">More From Our Experts</div>
<div class="experts-posts__items-container with-3-expert-posts">
<div class="experts-posts__item">
<div class="experts-posts__expert">
<a href="/expert/joshua-kurlantzick">
Joshua Kurlantzick
</a>
</div>
<div class="experts-posts__post">
<a href="/blog/south-asia-warily-eyes-second-trump-administration">
South Asia Warily Eyes the Second Trump Administration
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="experts-posts__item">
<div class="experts-posts__expert">
<a href="/expert/elliott-abrams">
Elliott Abrams
</a>
</div>
<div class="experts-posts__post">
<a href="/blog/guterres-shamefully-meets-putin-and-lukashenko">
Guterres Shamefully Meets with Putin and Lukashenko
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="experts-posts__item">
<div class="experts-posts__expert">
<a href="/expert/david-j-scheffer">
David J. Scheffer
</a>
</div>
<div class="experts-posts__post">
<a href="/article/thailands-chance-send-right-signal">
Thailand's Chance to Send the Right Signal
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<p>Rights monitors find a strong correlation between LGBTQ+ rights and democratic societies; the research and advocacy group <a href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2022/global-expansion-authoritarian-rule" title="Freedom House lists" target="_blank">Freedom House lists</a> nearly all the countries with marriage equality—when same-sex couples have the same legal right to marriage as different-sex couples—as “free.” “Wherever you see restrictions on individuals—in terms of speech, expression, or freedom of assembly—you see a crackdown on LGBT rights,” says Julie Dorf, senior advisor to the Council for Global Equality, a Washington-based group that promotes LGBTQ+ rights in U.S. foreign policy. “It’s the canary in the coal mine,” she says.</p><section class="more-on desktop-only ">
<p class="more-on__title">More on:</p>
<p class="more-on__content">
<a href="/human-rights" class="more-on__link">Human Rights</a>
</p>
<p class="more-on__content">
<a href="/lgbtq" class="more-on__link">LGBTQ+</a>
</p>
<p class="more-on__content">
<a href="/search?keyword=Gender" class="more-on__link">Gender</a>
</p>
<p class="more-on__content">
<a href="/social-issues" class="more-on__link">Social Issues</a>
</p>
<p class="more-on__content">
<a href="/politics-and-government/civil-society" class="more-on__link">Civil Society</a>
</p>
</section>
<p>Javier Corrales, a professor at Amherst College who focuses on LGBTQ+ rights in Latin America, points to income levels and the influence of religion in politics, as well as the overall strength of democracy, to explain <a href="https://globalstudies.unc.edu/files/2015/04/LGBT_Report_LatAm_v8-copy.pdf" title="regional divergences" target="_blank">regional divergences</a> [PDF].</p>
<div id="subscription-breaker" class="newsletter-tout ">
<div class="newsletter-tout__content-wrapper">
<div class="newsletter-tout__form newsletter-tout__initial" id="8dc32a15-5542-4df8-8e35-0f1308e60b6f">
<h3 class="newsletter-tout__title">
<div>The World This Week</div>
</h3>
<div class="newsletter-tout__blurb">
<div><h4>A weekly digest of the latest from CFR on the biggest foreign policy stories of the week, featuring briefs, opinions, and explainers. <em>Every Friday.</em></h4>
</div>
</div>
<div class="newsletter-tout__form-container email-signup-form__container">
<form class="the-world-this-week-embedded-form newsletter-tout__form expertToutForm" data-newsletter-id="the_world_this_week_embedded_form" autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="the-world-this-week-embedded-form" action="/backgrounder/marriage-equality-global-comparisons" method="post" id="the-world-this-week-embedded-form" accept-charset="UTF-8">
<div class="embedded__newsletter-email expert-tout__input-wrapper js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-subscribe" id="edit-subscribe"><input data-drupal-selector="edit-newsletter-name" type="hidden" name="newsletter_name" value="the_world_this_week">
<div data-drupal-selector="edit-recaptcha" class="captcha captcha-type-challenge--recaptcha">
<div class="captcha__element">
<input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-sid" type="hidden" name="captcha_sid" value="37325945">
<input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-token" type="hidden" name="captcha_token" value="aB79uc_4C7eUd-Y5k2hVrOuRvipbm-eZtgU3VWmUUzI">
<input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-response" type="hidden" name="captcha_response" value="Google no captcha">
<div class="g-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LdVm2YUAAAAALLTS2XVQD5O47VtNJIKQTsrqP9t" data-theme="light" data-type="image"></div><input data-drupal-selector="edit-captcha-cacheable" type="hidden" name="captcha_cacheable" value="1">
</div>
</div>
<input data-drupal-selector="edit-newsletter-id" type="hidden" name="newsletter_id" value="the_world_this_week_embedded_form">
<div class="hidden"><div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-textfield form-item-url js-form-item-url">
<label for="edit-url">Url</label>
<input data-drupal-selector="edit-url" type="text" id="edit-url" name="url" value size="60" maxlength="128" class="form-text">
</div>
</div><div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-email form-item-email-address js-form-item-email-address">
<label for="edit-email-address" class="js-form-required form-required">Email</label>
<input class="embedded__newsletter-email-input expert-tout__email form-email required" placeholder="Email Address" data-drupal-selector="edit-email-address" type="email" id="edit-email-address" name="email_address" value size="60" maxlength="254" required="required" aria-required="true">
</div>
<input class="embedded__newsletter-submitbtn expert-tout__submit button js-form-submit form-submit" data-drupal-selector="cfr-newsletter-signup-form-the-world-this-week-embedded-form-submit" type="submit" id="cfr-newsletter-signup-form--the-world-this-week-embedded-form--submit" name="op" value="Subscribe">
</div>
<input autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="form-uxa4k-hcpm6ziqiqo0wxpjj08n5txa7mlryqz9t8wpy" type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-Uxa4K_hcPM6ziQiQo0wxpjJ08n5Txa7MlrYqz9t8wpY">
<input data-drupal-selector="edit-the-world-this-week-embedded-form" type="hidden" name="form_id" value="the_world_this_week_embedded_form">
</form>
</div>
<div class="newsletter-tout__viewall">
<a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
View all newsletters <span>></span>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<form class="embedded-form-2" data-drupal-selector="embedded-form-2" action="/backgrounder/marriage-equality-global-comparisons" method="post" id="embedded-form-2" accept-charset="UTF-8">
<div class="newsletter-tout__signed-up__wrapper disabled"><div class="newsletter-tout__form" id="8dc32a15-5542-4df8-8e35-0f1308e60b6f"><div class="newsletter-tout__signed-up__checkbox-container"><input class="form__checkbox form-checkbox" data-drupal-selector="st-twtw" type="checkbox" id="ST_TWTW" name="ST_TWTW" value="1">
<div class="form__label-check"><svg viewBox="0 0 17 14" class="icon icon-check" data-st-var="ST_TWTW"><path fill="none" fill-rule="nonzero" stroke="none" stroke-width=".7" d="M5.503 10.095L1.587 6.237.282 7.523l5.221 5.144L16.692 1.645 15.387.359z" class="icon-fill icon-stroke" /></svg>
</div>
<h3 class="newsletter-tout__title newsletter-tout__recommended-title">The World This Week</h3>
</div>
<div class="newsletter-tout__blurb newsletter-tout__recommended-blurb"><h4>A weekly digest of the latest from CFR on the biggest foreign policy stories of the week, featuring briefs, opinions, and explainers. <em>Every Friday.</em></h4>
</div></div><div class="newsletter-tout__form" id="076f6b35-13cc-4fe6-9203-f530f7235745"><div class="newsletter-tout__signed-up__checkbox-container"><input class="form__checkbox form-checkbox" data-drupal-selector="st-tgh" type="checkbox" id="ST_TGH" name="ST_TGH" value="1">
<div class="form__label-check"><svg viewBox="0 0 17 14" class="icon icon-check" data-st-var="ST_TGH"><path fill="none" fill-rule="nonzero" stroke="none" stroke-width=".7" d="M5.503 10.095L1.587 6.237.282 7.523l5.221 5.144L16.692 1.645 15.387.359z" class="icon-fill icon-stroke" /></svg>
</div>
<h3 class="newsletter-tout__title newsletter-tout__recommended-title">Think Global Health</h3>
</div>
<div class="newsletter-tout__blurb newsletter-tout__recommended-blurb"><p>A curation of original analyses, data visualizations, and commentaries, examining the debates and efforts to improve health worldwide. <em>Weekly.</em></p>
</div></div><div class="newsletter-tout__legal">By entering your email and clicking subscribe, you're agreeing to receive announcements from CFR about our products and services, as well as invitations to CFR events. You are also agreeing to our <a href="https://www.cfr.org/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a> and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/terms-use">Terms of Use</a>.</div><div class="newsletter-tout__form-container email-signup-form__container js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-container" id="edit-container"><input class="embedded__newsletter-submitbtn button-container__btn button js-form-submit form-submit" id="post-signup-submit" data-drupal-selector="post-signup-submit" type="submit" name="op" value="Subscribe">
<div class="newsletter-tout__viewall">
<a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">View all newsletters <span>></span></a>
</div></div>
</div><input autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="form-zmsby7rzpj7j-kraft5-lnh0jhvtq0dt4uhg6j8-gbi" type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-ZMsBy7RzPJ7J-kRAFT5-lNh0jhVtq0DT4uhG6j8_GBI">
<input data-drupal-selector="edit-embedded-form-2" type="hidden" name="form_id" value="embedded-form-2">
</form>
</div>
</div>
<p>The UN Human Rights Council, expressing “grave concern” over violence and discrimination against individuals based on sexual orientation and gender identity, commissioned the body’s first <a href="https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/19session/A.HRC.19.41_English.pdf" title="study onURL
GET https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/same-sex-marriage-global-comparisons
Response Headers
Accept-Ranges:bytesAccess-Control-Allow-Headers:x-requested-with, Content-Type, origin, authorization, accept, client-security-tokenAccess-Control-Allow-Methods:POST, GET, OPTIONSAccess-Control-Allow-Origin:*Access-Control-Max-Age:1000Age:45113Cache-Control:public, max-age=86400Cf-Cache-Status:DYNAMICCf-Ray:8e6fab2e8a285132-CMBContent-Language:enContent-Type:text/html; charset=utf-8Date:Sat, 23 Nov 2024 08:07:59 GMTLocation:https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/marriage-equality-global-comparisonsServer:cloudflareSet-Cookie:__cf_bm=jwqdDKMD8cipCs25UHeq5H3izHOx0tWwMAh2ClbJK4A-1732349279-[scrubbed]-9T1LZ7BG1OSQJ490gKpChwqELIU9iu4I_KyeldAqpVg8U4pFfgmw95sC7OtLIHH3LIHcKxPkL9bxJsoZm6ONIQ; path=/; expires=Sat, 23-Nov-24 08:37:59 GMT; domain=.cfr.org; HttpOnly; Secure; SameSite=NoneStrict-Transport-Security:max-age=15552000; includeSubDomains; preloadVary:Cookie, CookieVia:1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnishX-Cache:HIT, HITX-Cache-Hits:11, 0X-Content-Type-Options:nosniffX-Drupal-Cache:MISSX-Generator:Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)X-Pantheon-Styx-Hostname:styx-fe4-a-b7cd879c4-k5npzX-Redirect-Id:74600X-Robots-Tag:allX-Served-By:cache-chi-klot8100021-CHI, cache-qpg120111-QPGX-Styx-Req-Id:03e36bc6-a909-11ef-82b5-2234305b7af9X-Timer:S1732349280.873352,VS0,VE5
Response Body
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0;url='https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/marriage-equality-global-comparisons'" />
<title>Redirecting to https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/marriage-equality-global-comparisons</title>
</head>
<body>
Redirecting to <a href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/marriage-equality-global-comparisons">https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/marriage-equality-global-comparisons</a>.
</body>
</html>Resolver
Resolver ASN
AS9329
Resolver IP
222.165.160.165
Resolver Network Name
Sri Lanka Telecom Ltd
Report ID
20241123T075612Z_webconnectivity_LK_9329_n1_m1eU10rYwEfVRx7q
Platform
android
Software Name
ooniprobe-android-unattended (4.0.0)
Measurement Engine
ooniprobe-engine (3.23.0)