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<!doctype html><html lang="en" class="js-disabled"><head><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1"/><title>Our World in Data</title><meta name="description" content="Research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://ourworldindata.org"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="/atom.xml" title="Atom feed for Our World in Data"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"/><link rel="preload" href="/fonts/LatoLatin-Regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><meta property="fb:app_id" content="1149943818390250"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://ourworldindata.org"/><meta property="og:title" content="Our World in Data"/><meta property="og:description" content="Research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/default-thumbnail.png"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@OurWorldInData"/><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@OurWorldInData"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/default-thumbnail.png"/><link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/owid.mjs"/><link rel="preload" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/polyfill/v3/polyfill.min.js?version=4.8.0&amp;features=es2021,es2022,es2023,IntersectionObserver,IntersectionObserverEntry" as="script" data-cloudflare-disable-early-hints="true"/><link rel="preload" href="/assets/owid.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/owid.css"/><meta name="citation_title" content="OWID Homepage"/><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://ourworldindata.org"/><meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/03/25"/><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="citation_author" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="citation_author" content="Max Roser"/><script>window._OWID_GDOC_PROPS = {"slug":"owid-homepage","published":true,"createdAt":"2024-02-22T21:04:05.000Z","publishedAt":"2024-02-28T15:02:00.000Z","updatedAt":"2024-03-25T11:31:28.000Z","revisionId":"ALBJ4LsZHpNi90S-ClGlV8OZtiuD1NFcFYzPdcFn0pYDuVKVFTjtgdVbb6pWoOOQG0vM1JDzJl0A3U7_yykT9A","markdown":"### Popular pages\n* [COVID-19 Data Explorer](https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/coronavirus-data-explorer)\n* [CO₂ & Greenhouse Gas Emissions](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions)\n* [Child and Infant Mortality](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1h37-KpdZ3qAJ9xSA4OhbmGfmLr3Ydc_z9oHtDTszBuQ/edit)\n* [Artificial Intelligence](https://docs.google.com/document/d/11t6XP9vKLDHeiDOcfaPOoc4TeQxHRixSjEikAlbGe0A/edit)\n* [Energy](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GRYE-mYiSEnes8rXjK6dCNi4KULLJB8KW03AOPci-b8/edit)\n* [Poverty](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1UjJLoGF5VMfn8U4C3ZSJQrPhc_jFRkeEhrhz5Ksfq7M/edit)\n* [Global Education](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FbKVWqPddBZy0NcHzDG-BSoCsN5tJnok3RXcLo6R9ls/edit)\n\n\n\n- [Browse our Data Insights(https://ourworldindata.org/data-insights)]\n\n<KeyIndicatorCollection>\n<KeyIndicator datapageUrl=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/child-mortality?time=earliest..latest\" title=\"What share of children die before their fifth birthday?\" source=\"Long-run estimates combining data from UN & Gapminder\"/>\n<KeyIndicator datapageUrl=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-in-extreme-poverty\" title=\"What share of the population is living in extreme poverty?\"/>\n<KeyIndicator datapageUrl=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy\" title=\"How has people’s life expectancy changed over time?\" source=\"Long-run estimates collated from multiple sources by Our World in Data\"/>\n<KeyIndicator datapageUrl=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co-emissions-per-capita?tab=chart&country=USA~GBR~CHN~ZAF~PAN\" title=\"How have CO₂ emissions per capita changed?\" source=\"Long-run estimates from the Global Carbon Budget\"/>\n<KeyIndicator datapageUrl=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gdp-per-capita-maddison\" title=\"How do average incomes compare between countries around the world?\" source=\"Long-run estimates from the Maddison Project Database\"/>\n<KeyIndicator datapageUrl=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-undernourishment\" title=\"What share of the population is suffering from hunger?\"/>\n<KeyIndicator 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Each subplot represents a different type of cancer, with age on the x-axis and death rate on the y-axis. Each subplot shows a rise in death rates at older ages. This chart is authored by Saloni Dattani and published on \"Our World in Data,\" with data sourced from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Wonder database (2024). The chart is licensed under CC-BY.","updatedAt":1732716009262,"originalWidth":2594,"originalHeight":1964,"cloudflareId":"b3da2703-0c67-4b8c-82b7-4daf0cd06300"},"Death-rates-from-each-cancer-by-age-mobile.png":{"id":2440,"filename":"Death-rates-from-each-cancer-by-age-mobile.png","defaultAlt":"This chart, titled \"How do cancer death rates vary by age?\", displays the annual cancer death rate per 100,000 people in the United States between 2018 and 2022, using data from death certificates classified by ICD-10 codes. Each subplot represents a different type of cancer, with age on the x-axis and death rate on the y-axis. 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The graph features two lines: a red line representing the United States and a blue line representing Europe. \n\nThe red line fluctuates between 4 and 7, showing relative stability in the U.S. homicide rate over the years, with some peaks and troughs. In contrast, the blue line steadily declines, dropping from above 5 in 2000 to below 2 in 2022, indicating a significant decrease in Europe’s homicide rate. \n\nText annotations on the graph highlight that the U.S. rate has remained fairly stable, while in Europe, it is now less than a third of its 2000 level. \n\nThe footer includes the data source: \"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2024)\" and is licensed under \"CC BY.\"","updatedAt":1734509474368,"originalWidth":1620,"originalHeight":1620,"cloudflareId":"4b9048b6-dc94-4f95-38b6-2912c2c77a00"},"share-of-new-cancers-caused-by-all-known-infections-by-type-desktop.png":{"id":2554,"filename":"share-of-new-cancers-caused-by-all-known-infections-by-type-desktop.png","defaultAlt":"Certain pathogens, like viruses and bacteria, can cause long-term inflammation or directly damage DNA, in ways that eventually lead to cancer. \n\nFor example, hepatitis B and C viruses, which can spread via blood, are key drivers of liver cancer. Some types of the human papillomavirus, which spreads through sexual contact, are responsible for cervical cancer. The bacterium Helicobacter pylori, typically spread through contaminated food or water, can cause stomach ulcers and cancers.\n\nThe International Agency for Research on Cancer estimates that around 13% of cancers globally are directly caused by infections, as the chart shows.\n\nThey estimate that pathogens cause nearly all cases of certain types of cancer, like Kaposi's sarcoma and cervical cancer.","updatedAt":1734726485395,"originalWidth":1700,"originalHeight":1200,"cloudflareId":"7fb997eb-81b2-4b2e-ec5c-1c9be009db00"},"share-of-new-cancers-caused-by-all-known-infections-by-type-mobile.png":{"id":2555,"filename":"share-of-new-cancers-caused-by-all-known-infections-by-type-mobile.png","defaultAlt":"Certain pathogens, like viruses and bacteria, can cause long-term inflammation or directly damage DNA, in ways that eventually lead to cancer. \n\nFor example, hepatitis B and C viruses, which can spread via blood, are key drivers of liver cancer. 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Extreme poverty is currently defined as living on less than $2.15 per day. This indicator, published by the World Bank, has successfully drawn attention to the terrible depths of poverty of the poorest people in the world.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Two centuries ago, ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/extreme-poverty-in-brief","children":[{"text":"the majority","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" of the world’s population was extremely poor. Back then, it was widely believed that widespread poverty was inevitable. This turned out to be wrong. Economic growth is possible and ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/what-is-economic-growth","children":[{"text":"makes it possible","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" for entire societies to leave the deep poverty of the past behind. 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It is the primary ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions","children":[{"text":"greenhouse gas","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" causing ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/climate-change","children":[{"text":"climate change","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":".","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Globally, CO","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"2","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-subscript"},{"text":" emissions have remained at just below 5 tonnes per person for over a decade. Between countries, however, there are large differences, and while emissions are rapidly increasing in some countries, they are rapidly falling in others.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The source for this CO","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"2","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-subscript"},{"text":" data is the Global Carbon Budget, a dataset we update yearly as soon as it is published. In addition to these production-based emissions, they publish consumption-based emissions for the last three decades, which can be viewed in our ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/co2?facet=none&country=CHN~USA~IND~FRA&Gas+or+Warming=CO%E2%82%82&Accounting=Consumption-based&Fuel+or+Land+Use+Change=All+fossil+emissions&Count=Per+capita","children":[{"text":"Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data Explorer","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":".","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"type":"key-indicator","title":"How have CO₂ emissions per capita changed?","source":"Long-run estimates from the Global Carbon Budget","datapageUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co-emissions-per-capita?tab=chart&country=USA~GBR~CHN~ZAF~PAN","parseErrors":[]},{"text":[{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"GDP per capita is a very comprehensive measure of people’s ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/what-is-economic-growth","children":[{"text":"average income","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":". This indicator reveals how large the inequality between people in different countries is. In the poorest countries, people live on less than $1,000 per year, while in rich countries, the average income is more than 50 times higher.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The data shown is sourced from the Maddison Project Database. Drawing together the careful work of hundreds of economic historians, the particular value of this data lies in the historical coverage it provides. This data makes clear that the vast majority of people in all countries ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/extreme-history-methods","children":[{"text":"were poor","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" in the past. It allows us to understand when and how the ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth","children":[{"text":"economic growth","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" that made it possible ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/breaking-the-malthusian-trap","children":[{"text":"to leave","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" the deep poverty of the past behind was achieved.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"type":"key-indicator","title":"How do average incomes compare between countries around the world?","source":"Long-run estimates from the Maddison Project Database","datapageUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gdp-per-capita-maddison","parseErrors":[]},{"text":[{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment","children":[{"text":"Hunger","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" has been a severe problem for most of humanity throughout history. Growing enough food to feed one’s family was a constant struggle in daily life. Food shortages, malnutrition, and ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/famines","children":[{"text":"famines","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" were common around the world.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization publishes global data on undernourishment, defined as not consuming enough calories to maintain a normal, active, healthy life. These minimum requirements vary by a person’s sex, weight, height, and activity levels. This is considered in these national and global estimates.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The world has made much progress in reducing global hunger in recent decades. But we are still far away from an end to hunger, as this indicator shows. Tragically, nearly one in ten people still do not get enough food to eat and in recent years — especially during the pandemic — hunger levels have increased.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"type":"key-indicator","title":"What share of the population is suffering from hunger?","datapageUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-undernourishment","parseErrors":[]},{"text":[{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Literacy is a foundational skill. Children need to learn to read so that they can read to learn. When we fail to teach this foundational skill, people have fewer opportunities to lead the rich and interesting lives that a good education offers.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The historical data shows that only a very small share of the population, a tiny elite, was able to read and write. Over the course of the last few generations, literacy levels increased, but ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/better-learning","children":[{"text":"it remains","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" an important challenge for our time to provide this foundational skill to all.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"At Our World in Data, ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/how-is-literacy-measured","children":[{"text":"we investigated","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" the strengths and shortcomings of the available data on literacy. Based on this work, our team brought together the long-run data shown in the chart by combining several different sources, including the World Bank, the CIA Factbook, and a range of research publications.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"type":"key-indicator","title":"When has literacy become a widespread skill?","source":"Long-run estimates collated from multiple sources by Our World in Data","datapageUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-literacy-rates?country=RUS~GBR~NLD~CRI~ISR~SGP~CHL~CHN~MAC~OWID_WRL~IND~TZA","parseErrors":[]},{"text":[{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/light-at-night","children":[{"text":"Light at night","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" makes it possible to get together after sunset; ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mobile-cellular-subscriptions-per-100-people","children":[{"text":"mobile phones","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" allow us to stay in touch with those far away; the refrigeration of food reduces food waste; and ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/technology-adoption-by-households-in-the-united-states","children":[{"text":"household appliances","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" free up time from household chores. Access to electricity improves people’s living conditions in many ways.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The World Bank data on the world map captures whether people have access to the ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/definition-electricity-access","children":[{"text":"most basic","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"}],"spanType":"span-italic"},{"text":" electricity supply — just enough to provide basic lighting and charge a phone or power a radio for 4 hours per day.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"It shows that, especially in several African countries, a large share of the population lacks the benefits that basic electricity offers. No radio and no light at night.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"type":"key-indicator","title":"Where do people lack access to even the most basic electricity supply?","datapageUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-the-population-with-access-to-electricity?time=latest","parseErrors":[]}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"explorer-tiles","title":"Data explorers","subtitle":"Interactive visualization tools to explore a wide range of related indicators.","explorers":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/poverty-explorer"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/global-health"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/energy"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"homepage","title":"OWID Homepage","authors":["Our World in Data"],"excerpt":"OWID Homepage"}}</script><script>
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From left to right: Science, Nature, PNAS, BBC, Financial Times, The New York Times, The Guardian, The Atlantic, and The Washington Post" width="230" height="75" loading="lazy"/></section><section class="grid grid-cols-9 span-cols-9 col-start-5 span-md-cols-12 col-md-start-2 homepage-intro__right-section"><h2 class="span-cols-9 span-md-cols-12 h5-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-heading">Featured work</h2><div class="grid grid-cols-9 span-cols-9 span-md-cols-12 homepage-intro__featured-work-container"><div class="homepage-intro__primary-tiles span-cols-6"><a href="/golden-age-antibiotics" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/7b3bf2c1-8af6-4e65-2e92-d5e4d781d800/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/7b3bf2c1-8af6-4e65-2e92-d5e4d781d800/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/7b3bf2c1-8af6-4e65-2e92-d5e4d781d800/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/7b3bf2c1-8af6-4e65-2e92-d5e4d781d800/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/7b3bf2c1-8af6-4e65-2e92-d5e4d781d800/w=1200 1200w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 640px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/7b3bf2c1-8af6-4e65-2e92-d5e4d781d800/w=1200" class="" loading="lazy" data-filename="antibiotics-development-thumbnail.png" width="1200" height="630"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker">Article · 7 min read</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">What was the Golden Age of Antibiotics, and how can we spark a new one?</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">Many antibiotics were developed during the “Golden Age of Antibiotics”. How did it happen, why has antibiotic development slowed down since then, and what can we do to reignite it?</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Saloni Dattani</p></a></div><div class="homepage-intro__secondary-tiles span-cols-3 col-start-7"><a href="/data-review-air-pollution-deaths" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9ff01375-637f-47d9-6ded-2228eb359500/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9ff01375-637f-47d9-6ded-2228eb359500/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9ff01375-637f-47d9-6ded-2228eb359500/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9ff01375-637f-47d9-6ded-2228eb359500/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9ff01375-637f-47d9-6ded-2228eb359500/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9ff01375-637f-47d9-6ded-2228eb359500/w=1642 1642w" type="image/png" sizes="350px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9ff01375-637f-47d9-6ded-2228eb359500/w=1642" class="" loading="lazy" data-filename="air-pollution-deaths-thumbnail.png" width="1642" height="702"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker">From our classics</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">Data review: how many people die from air pollution?</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">This data review presents published estimates of the global death toll from air pollution and provides the context that makes them understandable.</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Max Roser</p></a><a href="/international-migrants-dont-move-far" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/52b29637-7d81-4492-8e8f-2e46b03b7c00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/52b29637-7d81-4492-8e8f-2e46b03b7c00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/52b29637-7d81-4492-8e8f-2e46b03b7c00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/52b29637-7d81-4492-8e8f-2e46b03b7c00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/52b29637-7d81-4492-8e8f-2e46b03b7c00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/52b29637-7d81-4492-8e8f-2e46b03b7c00/w=3600 3600w" type="image/png" sizes="350px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/52b29637-7d81-4492-8e8f-2e46b03b7c00/w=3600" alt="A colorful, abstract data visualization featuring horizontal bands of various colors, including teal, blue, purple, orange, and brown. These bands are overlaid with flowing lines in different hues that crisscross and interact, creating intricate patterns. The lines represent connections or relationships between the different color bands, suggesting data movement or transitions. The background is a pale cream color, enhancing the contrast and visibility of the colored bands and lines. No specific labels or data sources are visible in the image." class="" loading="lazy" data-filename="thumbnail_migration_continents.png" width="3600" height="1890"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker">Article · 7 min read</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">Most international migrants don’t move very far from their home countries</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">Long-distance moves are becoming more common, but they remain the exception. For most, international migration still means crossing a nearby border, not an ocean.</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Simon van Teutem and Tuna Acisu</p></a></div><div class="homepage-intro__tertiary-tiles span-cols-6 grid grid-cols-6"><a href="/antibiotics" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile span-cols-3"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/0983df2b-3d7f-416f-71be-f4ad93a8a100/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/0983df2b-3d7f-416f-71be-f4ad93a8a100/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/0983df2b-3d7f-416f-71be-f4ad93a8a100/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/0983df2b-3d7f-416f-71be-f4ad93a8a100/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/0983df2b-3d7f-416f-71be-f4ad93a8a100/w=1200 1200w" type="image/png" sizes="350px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/0983df2b-3d7f-416f-71be-f4ad93a8a100/w=1200" class="" loading="lazy" data-filename="antibiotics-featured-image.png" width="1200" height="630"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker">New topic page</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">Antibiotics revolutionized medicine, but their effectiveness is threatened by resistance. This page presents global data and research on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance.</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Saloni Dattani, Fiona Spooner, Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser</p></a><a href="/how-do-antibiotics-work" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile span-cols-3"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/eebf1100-356d-4d5a-de9a-458070451700/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/eebf1100-356d-4d5a-de9a-458070451700/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/eebf1100-356d-4d5a-de9a-458070451700/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/eebf1100-356d-4d5a-de9a-458070451700/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/eebf1100-356d-4d5a-de9a-458070451700/w=1200 1200w" type="image/png" sizes="350px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/eebf1100-356d-4d5a-de9a-458070451700/w=1200" class="" loading="lazy" data-filename="antibiotics-mechanisms-thumbnail.png" width="1200" height="630"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker">Article · 5 min read</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">How do antibiotics work, and how does antibiotic resistance evolve?</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">To use antibiotics more effectively, it’s important to know how different antibiotics work and how antibiotic resistance can evolve and spread.</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Saloni Dattani</p></a></div><div class="span-cols-6 homepage-intro__see-all-work-button-container"><a class="owid-btn owid-btn--outline-vermillion body-3-medium homepage-intro__see-all-work-button" href="/latest">See all our latest work <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="span-cols-6 span-sm-cols-12"><a class="owid-btn owid-btn--outline-vermillion body-3-medium homepage-intro__see-all-work-button homepage-intro__see-all-work-button--mobile" href="/latest">See all our latest work <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></a></div></section></section><section class="article-block__latest-data-insights grid grid-cols-12-full-width span-cols-14 latest-data-insights-block"><header class="latest-data-insights-block__header span-cols-8 col-start-2 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><h2 class="h2-bold">Daily Data Insights</h2><p class="body-2-regular">Bite-sized insights on how the world is changing, published every weekday.</p></header><a class="owid-btn owid-btn--outline-vermillion latest-data-insights-block__see-all-data-insights-button body-3-medium span-cols-4 col-start-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2" href="/data-insights">See all Daily Data Insights <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></a><div class="latest-data-insights span-cols-12 col-start-2"><div class="latest-data-insights__viewport"><div class="latest-data-insights__card-container"><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#most-recent-data-insight"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source media="(max-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/cd6a53ca-8735-401d-53a7-3046935d9c00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/cd6a53ca-8735-401d-53a7-3046935d9c00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/cd6a53ca-8735-401d-53a7-3046935d9c00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/cd6a53ca-8735-401d-53a7-3046935d9c00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/cd6a53ca-8735-401d-53a7-3046935d9c00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/cd6a53ca-8735-401d-53a7-3046935d9c00/w=1620 1620w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/f63b968a-ff8c-4714-eb72-d656b738cc00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/f63b968a-ff8c-4714-eb72-d656b738cc00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/f63b968a-ff8c-4714-eb72-d656b738cc00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/f63b968a-ff8c-4714-eb72-d656b738cc00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/f63b968a-ff8c-4714-eb72-d656b738cc00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/f63b968a-ff8c-4714-eb72-d656b738cc00/w=1700 1700w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/f63b968a-ff8c-4714-eb72-d656b738cc00/w=1700" alt="" class="" loading="lazy" data-filename="friendships-ivs-simon-desktop.png" width="1700" height="1200"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline data-insight-dateline--is-today"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32V64H288V32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32V64h48c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48v48H0V112C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64H96V32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192H448V464c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h96c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16V272c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16H80z"></path></svg>Today</p><h3 class="latest-data-insights__card-title">In some countries, far more people consider friends very important than in others</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>This chart shows the share of people who consider friendships “very important” in their lives.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>There are clear differences between countries: Northern Ireland (70%) and Sweden (65%) rank highest, and the United States (51%) and Indonesia (42%) are near the middle. In comparison, in Peru (17%) and Myanmar (12%), smaller shares of the population say that friendship is very important to them.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>These differences suggest that the value people assign to different relationships varies significantly across cultures. In some societies, friendships might hold a central role in everyday life, whereas in others, people might place greater importance on family, work, or personal independence.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>It&#x27;s worth keeping in mind that such surveys don&#x27;t only capture people&#x27;s different views on friendship but also how they communicate their views when asked in surveys. For example, in some countries, people might be quicker to call something very important than in others.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span><span>Explore more data on the importance of friendships</span></span><span> →</span></p></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-continue"><span class="body-3-medium-underlined">Continue reading</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="font-size:10px"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></div></div></a><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#second-most-recent-data-insight"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source media="(max-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/8be2aa0e-e896-42a3-dbdb-16bd282f4c00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/8be2aa0e-e896-42a3-dbdb-16bd282f4c00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/8be2aa0e-e896-42a3-dbdb-16bd282f4c00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/8be2aa0e-e896-42a3-dbdb-16bd282f4c00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/8be2aa0e-e896-42a3-dbdb-16bd282f4c00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/8be2aa0e-e896-42a3-dbdb-16bd282f4c00/w=2160 2160w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/395b979e-a07d-4e73-c383-091378d93c00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/395b979e-a07d-4e73-c383-091378d93c00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/395b979e-a07d-4e73-c383-091378d93c00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/395b979e-a07d-4e73-c383-091378d93c00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/395b979e-a07d-4e73-c383-091378d93c00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/395b979e-a07d-4e73-c383-091378d93c00/w=3400 3400w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/395b979e-a07d-4e73-c383-091378d93c00/w=3400" alt="A bar chart showing healthcare spending per person across different income groups. Rich countries spend more than 50 times as much per person than low-income countries." class="" loading="lazy" data-filename="healthcare-spending-income-desktop.png" width="3400" height="2400"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32V64H288V32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32V64h48c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48v48H0V112C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64H96V32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192H448V464c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h96c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16V272c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16H80z"></path></svg>Yesterday</p><h3 class="latest-data-insights__card-title">Rich countries spend 60 times as much on healthcare per person than poor countries</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Rich countries spend, on average, the equivalent of $6,200 per person on healthcare. This includes public and private expenditures.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>In low-income countries, the equivalent expenditure is only around $100 per person on average.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>This is based on spending data from the World Health Organization’s Global Health Observatory, which you can see in the chart across levels of income.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>That means rich countries spend 60 times as much on healthcare per person as the poorest countries. Therefore, it’s unsurprising that </span><span><span>life expectancy</span></span><span> and other essential health outcomes are far worse in low-income countries.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span><span>Explore more data and research on healthcare spending and outcomes</span></span><span> →</span></p></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-continue"><span class="body-3-medium-underlined">Continue reading</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="font-size:10px"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></div></div></a><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#third-most-recent-data-insight"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source media="(max-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6df8cf55-6c03-4542-f470-e75cbc394f00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6df8cf55-6c03-4542-f470-e75cbc394f00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6df8cf55-6c03-4542-f470-e75cbc394f00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6df8cf55-6c03-4542-f470-e75cbc394f00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6df8cf55-6c03-4542-f470-e75cbc394f00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6df8cf55-6c03-4542-f470-e75cbc394f00/w=1620 1620w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/7fb997eb-81b2-4b2e-ec5c-1c9be009db00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/7fb997eb-81b2-4b2e-ec5c-1c9be009db00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/7fb997eb-81b2-4b2e-ec5c-1c9be009db00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/7fb997eb-81b2-4b2e-ec5c-1c9be009db00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/7fb997eb-81b2-4b2e-ec5c-1c9be009db00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/7fb997eb-81b2-4b2e-ec5c-1c9be009db00/w=1700 1700w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/7fb997eb-81b2-4b2e-ec5c-1c9be009db00/w=1700" alt="Certain pathogens, like viruses and bacteria, can cause long-term inflammation or directly damage DNA, in ways that eventually lead to cancer. 

For example, hepatitis B and C viruses, which can spread via blood, are key drivers of liver cancer. Some types of the human papillomavirus, which spreads through sexual contact, are responsible for cervical cancer. The bacterium Helicobacter pylori, typically spread through contaminated food or water, can cause stomach ulcers and cancers.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer estimates that around 13% of cancers globally are directly caused by infections, as the chart shows.

They estimate that pathogens cause nearly all cases of certain types of cancer, like Kaposi&#x27;s sarcoma and cervical cancer." class="" loading="lazy" data-filename="share-of-new-cancers-caused-by-all-known-infections-by-type-desktop.png" width="1700" height="1200"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32V64H288V32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32V64h48c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48v48H0V112C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64H96V32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192H448V464c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h96c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16V272c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16H80z"></path></svg>December 20</p><h3 class="latest-data-insights__card-title">What share of cancers are caused by infections?</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Certain </span><span class="dod-span" data-id="pathogen" tabindex="0"><span>pathogens</span></span><span>, like viruses and bacteria, can cause long-term inflammation or directly damage DNA in ways that eventually lead to cancer.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>For example, </span><span class="dod-span" data-id="hepatitis-virus" tabindex="0"><span>hepatitis B and C viruses</span></span><span> are key drivers of liver cancer. Some types of the </span><span class="dod-span" data-id="human-papillomavirus" tabindex="0"><span>human papillomavirus</span></span><span> are responsible for </span><span><span>cervical cancer</span></span><span>. The bacterium </span><em><span class="dod-span" data-id="helicobacter-pylori" tabindex="0"><span>H. pylori</span></span></em><span> can cause stomach ulcers and cancers.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>The International Agency for Research on Cancer estimates that around 13% of cancers overall are directly caused by infections, as the chart shows.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>For some cancer types, they estimate that infections cause nearly </span><em><span>all</span></em><span> cases. They’re listed at the top of the chart and include cervical cancer, adult T-cell </span><span class="dod-span" data-id="leukemia" tabindex="0"><span>leukemia</span></span><span> and </span><span class="dod-span" data-id="lymphoma" tabindex="0"><span>lymphoma</span></span><span>, and non-cardia stomach cancer.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>This is an area where prevention can be very powerful: by tackling the infections that cause them, we can stop these cancers before they start.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Vaccines for </span><span class="dod-span" data-id="human-papillomavirus" tabindex="0"><span>human papillomavirus</span></span><span> and </span><span class="dod-span" data-id="hepatitis-virus" tabindex="0"><span>hepatitis B</span></span><span> have already been developed and have lowered cancer rates in younger generations. Additionally, antibiotics for </span><em><span class="dod-span" data-id="helicobacter-pylori" tabindex="0"><span>H. pylori</span></span></em><span>, antiviral treatments, and improved hygiene can dramatically reduce the risks of other infections.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>I recently wrote an article about the virus that causes cervical cancer and how vaccines can eliminate it. </span><span><span>You can read it here</span></span><span> →</span></p></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-continue"><span class="body-3-medium-underlined">Continue reading</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="font-size:10px"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></div></div></a><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#fourth-most-recent-data-insight"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source media="(max-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/134c0792-5035-4ad7-9840-dec15d4cee00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/134c0792-5035-4ad7-9840-dec15d4cee00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/134c0792-5035-4ad7-9840-dec15d4cee00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/134c0792-5035-4ad7-9840-dec15d4cee00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/134c0792-5035-4ad7-9840-dec15d4cee00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/134c0792-5035-4ad7-9840-dec15d4cee00/w=2160 2160w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/e003cef0-a8c8-41ca-2b65-1bb14ecabd00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/e003cef0-a8c8-41ca-2b65-1bb14ecabd00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/e003cef0-a8c8-41ca-2b65-1bb14ecabd00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/e003cef0-a8c8-41ca-2b65-1bb14ecabd00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/e003cef0-a8c8-41ca-2b65-1bb14ecabd00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/e003cef0-a8c8-41ca-2b65-1bb14ecabd00/w=3400 3400w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/e003cef0-a8c8-41ca-2b65-1bb14ecabd00/w=3400" alt="Bar chart showing the number of medical doctors per 1,000 people in countries of different income levels. Rich countries have 10 times as many as low income countries." class="" loading="lazy" data-filename="doctor-access-desktop.png" width="3400" height="2400"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32V64H288V32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32V64h48c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48v48H0V112C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64H96V32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192H448V464c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h96c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16V272c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16H80z"></path></svg>December 19</p><h3 class="latest-data-insights__card-title">Rich countries have ten times as many doctors per person as poor ones</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>There are considerable differences in access to healthcare across the world.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Rich countries have around ten times as many doctors per person as poor countries. You can see this in this chart, which shows the number of medical doctors per 1,000 people in a population. This includes generalist physicians as well as specialists.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>The global average is around 1.7 doctors per 1,000. In low-income countries, the figure is around five times lower.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span><span>Explore more data on healthcare spending and access</span></span><span> →</span></p></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-continue"><span class="body-3-medium-underlined">Continue reading</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="font-size:10px"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></div></div></a><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#fifth-most-recent-data-insight"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source media="(max-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/4b9048b6-dc94-4f95-38b6-2912c2c77a00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/4b9048b6-dc94-4f95-38b6-2912c2c77a00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/4b9048b6-dc94-4f95-38b6-2912c2c77a00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/4b9048b6-dc94-4f95-38b6-2912c2c77a00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/4b9048b6-dc94-4f95-38b6-2912c2c77a00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/4b9048b6-dc94-4f95-38b6-2912c2c77a00/w=1620 1620w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/34ea6847-d492-4498-8905-80f109b31d00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/34ea6847-d492-4498-8905-80f109b31d00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/34ea6847-d492-4498-8905-80f109b31d00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/34ea6847-d492-4498-8905-80f109b31d00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/34ea6847-d492-4498-8905-80f109b31d00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/34ea6847-d492-4498-8905-80f109b31d00/w=2550 2550w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/34ea6847-d492-4498-8905-80f109b31d00/w=2550" alt="" class="" loading="lazy" data-filename="homicide-rate-per-100000-population-desktop.png" width="2550" height="1800"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32V64H288V32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32V64h48c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48v48H0V112C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64H96V32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192H448V464c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h96c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16V272c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16H80z"></path></svg>December 18</p><h3 class="latest-data-insights__card-title">Since 2000, homicide rates have dropped sharply in Europe but barely changed in the United States</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Homicide rates measure the number of intentional, illegal killings per 100,000 people annually.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Since 2000, rates in the United States have fluctuated around 6 homicides per 100,000. They fell from a peak of 6.7 in 2001 to 4.4 in 2014 but climbed back to 6.4 in 2022. Preliminary data suggests they fell back to 5.7 in 2023.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Over the same period, Europe’s rates fell from nearly 8 per 100,000 people in 2000 to just above 2 — a drop of almost three-quarters.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span><span>Explore homicide rates in many more countries </span></span><span>→</span></p></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-continue"><span class="body-3-medium-underlined">Continue reading</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="font-size:10px"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></div></div></a><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#sixth-most-recent-data-insight"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source media="(max-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/e6afb49c-5875-4d6c-b655-231469d0bb00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/e6afb49c-5875-4d6c-b655-231469d0bb00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/e6afb49c-5875-4d6c-b655-231469d0bb00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/e6afb49c-5875-4d6c-b655-231469d0bb00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/e6afb49c-5875-4d6c-b655-231469d0bb00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/e6afb49c-5875-4d6c-b655-231469d0bb00/w=2160 2160w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/438bc7eb-bddb-4547-4f86-71ed158cad00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/438bc7eb-bddb-4547-4f86-71ed158cad00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/438bc7eb-bddb-4547-4f86-71ed158cad00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/438bc7eb-bddb-4547-4f86-71ed158cad00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/438bc7eb-bddb-4547-4f86-71ed158cad00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/438bc7eb-bddb-4547-4f86-71ed158cad00/w=3400 3400w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/438bc7eb-bddb-4547-4f86-71ed158cad00/w=3400" alt="Bar chart showing the share of households with air conditioning across countries. In Japan, the US, and South Korea, most households have AC. In India and South Africa, less than 10% do." class="" loading="lazy" data-filename="ac-adoption-desktop.png" width="3400" height="2400"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32V64H288V32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32V64h48c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48v48H0V112C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64H96V32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192H448V464c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h96c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16V272c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16H80z"></path></svg>December 17</p><h3 class="latest-data-insights__card-title">There are huge inequalities in access to air conditioning across the world</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>In some countries such as Japan, the United States, or South Korea, almost all households have air conditioning in their homes. In others, almost none do. This includes countries like India or South Africa where extreme heat is frequent.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>In this chart, you can see the share of households that had air conditioning (AC) in 2018. This data comes from the </span><span><span>International Energy Agency</span></span><span>.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Paying for the upfront cost of an AC unit is a key barrier to adoption, so as incomes rise, more people get access to them.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Access to air conditioning is becoming increasingly important as the world warms and extreme heat becomes more common.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span><span>Read more about how populations can protect themselves against extreme heat</span></span><span> →</span></p></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-continue"><span class="body-3-medium-underlined">Continue reading</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="font-size:10px"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></div></div></a><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#seventh-most-recent-data-insight"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source media="(max-width: 768px)" srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/a05f530a-6df5-4bd5-1171-f7e31b325c00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/a05f530a-6df5-4bd5-1171-f7e31b325c00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/a05f530a-6df5-4bd5-1171-f7e31b325c00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/a05f530a-6df5-4bd5-1171-f7e31b325c00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/a05f530a-6df5-4bd5-1171-f7e31b325c00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/a05f530a-6df5-4bd5-1171-f7e31b325c00/w=1620 1620w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/b3da2703-0c67-4b8c-82b7-4daf0cd06300/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/b3da2703-0c67-4b8c-82b7-4daf0cd06300/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/b3da2703-0c67-4b8c-82b7-4daf0cd06300/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/b3da2703-0c67-4b8c-82b7-4daf0cd06300/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/b3da2703-0c67-4b8c-82b7-4daf0cd06300/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/b3da2703-0c67-4b8c-82b7-4daf0cd06300/w=2594 2594w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/b3da2703-0c67-4b8c-82b7-4daf0cd06300/w=2594" alt="This chart, titled &quot;How do cancer death rates vary by age?&quot;, displays the annual cancer death rate per 100,000 people in the United States between 2018 and 2022, using data from death certificates classified by ICD-10 codes. Each subplot represents a different type of cancer, with age on the x-axis and death rate on the y-axis. Each subplot shows a rise in death rates at older ages. This chart is authored by Saloni Dattani and published on &quot;Our World in Data,&quot; with data sourced from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Wonder database (2024). The chart is licensed under CC-BY." class="" loading="lazy" data-filename="Death-rates-from-each-cancer-by-age-desktop.png" width="2594" height="1964"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32V64H288V32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32V64h48c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48v48H0V112C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64H96V32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192H448V464c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h96c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16V272c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16H80z"></path></svg>December 16</p><h3 class="latest-data-insights__card-title">Cancer death rates rise steeply with age</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span class="dod-span" data-id="cancer" tabindex="0"><span>Cancer</span></span><span> death rates rise steeply with age.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>The chart shows this for a wide range of cancers, including bladder, breast, colorectal, stomach, and prostate cancer. The data comes from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Long-term exposure to risk factors — such as smoking, radiation, and certain infections — damages our cells. This damage accumulates with age, increasing the chances of cancerous mutations. In addition, our cells’ ability to repair this damage also weakens, allowing the mutations to accumulate.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Cervical cancer has a slightly different shape: its risks rise at a much younger age and then slow down. This is because it is caused by the </span><span class="dod-span" data-id="human-papillomavirus" tabindex="0"><span>human papillomavirus (HPV)</span></span><span>, typically spread through sexual contact at younger ages. Without HPV, it’s very rare for this cancer to develop, and </span><span><span>infection can be prevented with early vaccination</span></span><span>.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span><span>Read more about the risks of cancer with age</span></span><span> →</span></p></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-continue"><span class="body-3-medium-underlined">Continue reading</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="font-size:10px"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></div></div></a></div></div><div 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terms of our <a href="/privacy-policy">privacy policy</a>.</p></div></div></div></section><section class="key-indicator-collection article-block__key-indicator-collection grid col-start-2 span-cols-12"><header class="key-indicator-collection__header span-cols-8 span-sm-cols-12"><h2 class="h2-bold">Explore our data</h2><p class="body-2-regular">Featured data from our collection of 13,216 interactive charts.</p></header><a class="owid-btn owid-btn--outline-vermillion key-indicator-collection__all-charts-button body-3-medium span-cols-4 col-start-9 col-sm-start-1 span-sm-cols-12" href="/data">See all our data <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></a><div class="span-cols-12"><div class="accordion-item accordion-item--open"><h3 class="accordion-item__heading"><button id="key-indicator-collection_child-mortality_header" class="accordion-item__button" disabled="" aria-disabled="true" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="key-indicator-collection_child-mortality_content"><div class="key-indicator-header"><div class="key-indicator-header__left"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="chart-line" class="svg-inline--fa fa-chart-line key-indicator-header__tab-icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M64 64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32S0 46.3 0 64V400c0 44.2 35.8 80 80 80H480c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32s-14.3-32-32-32H80c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16V64zm406.6 86.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L320 210.7l-57.4-57.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0l-112 112c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0L240 221.3l57.4 57.4c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128z"></path></svg><div><span class="key-indicator-header__title">Under-five mortality rate</span><span class="key-indicator-header__source">Long-run estimates combining data from UN &amp; Gapminder</span></div></div></div></button></h3><div id="key-indicator-collection_child-mortality_content" class="accordion-item__content" role="region" aria-labelledby="key-indicator-collection_child-mortality_header"><div tabindex="0" aria-hidden="false"><div class="key-indicator grid grid-cols-12"><div class="left col-start-1 span-cols-4 span-sm-cols-12"><div class="indicator-metadata"><span class="indicator-title">Under-five mortality rate</span> <span class="indicator-source">Long-run estimates combining data from un &amp; gapminder</span></div><h4 class="narrative-title">What share of children die before their fifth birthday?</h4><div class="text"><p class=""><span>What could be more tragic than the death of a young child? Child mortality, the death of children under the age of five, is still </span><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/much-better-awful-can-be-better" class="span-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>extremely common</span></a><span> in our world today.</span></p><p class=""><span>The historical data makes clear that it doesn’t have to be this way: it </span><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality-big-problem-in-brief" class="span-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>is possible</span></a><span> for societies to protect their children and reduce child mortality to very low rates. For child mortality to reach low levels, many things have to go right at the same time: </span><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/financing-healthcare" class="span-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>good healthcare</span></a><span>, </span><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment" class="span-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>good nutrition</span></a><span>, </span><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/clean-water-sanitation" class="span-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>clean water and sanitation</span></a><span>, </span><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/maternal-mortality" class="span-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>maternal health</span></a><span>, and high </span><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth" class="span-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>living standards</span></a><span>. We can, therefore, think of </span><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality" class="span-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span>child mortality</span></a><span> as a proxy indicator of a country’s living conditions.</span></p><p class=""><span>The chart shows our long-run data on child mortality, which allows you to see how child mortality has changed in countries around the world.</span></p></div><a class="owid-btn owid-btn--solid-blue datapage-link datapage-link-desktop" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/child-mortality?time=earliest..latest">Explore and learn more about this data <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" 

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